Health Condition

Type 2 Diabetes

  • Sharps Containers

    Some medical activities require equipment that punctures the skin or containers of chemicals that can be hazardous when not administered properly, such as syringes, lancets, blades, and contaminated glass, referred to collectively as "sharps." Sharps containers are designed for convenient and safe disposal—and often required by law. They are usually red, although some are yellow or white, and are imprinted with the biohazard symbol on the front.

    • Sharps Containers

      What they are:Well-made sharps containers will be durable, puncture-resistant, and leak-resistant, as well as extremely difficult to open once sealed.

      What to buy:Determine the size you need based on how many times a day you check your blood sugar and take insulin—make sure it’s large enough to accommodate both the size and quantity of needles you’re using.

      Things to consider:Pay attention to where and how you insert lancets and needles so it’s easy for you to use. Some sharps containers have temporary lids; some cannot be reopened once closed. If you have children in your house you should choose a container that cannot be opened.

      For ease of disposal, choose a sharps container that includes returns via the US Postal Service. The cost of mailing and destruction of the medical waste are included in the purchase price, making disposal convenient and affordable. If you choose a sharps container that does not include disposal, check on the local laws regarding medical waste disposal before putting sharps in your regular garbage.

  • Pedometers

    Walking is a fun and relatively easy way to get heart-healthy cardio while burning fat and calories. To maintain a healthy weight and stay active, try walking about 10,000 steps each day (approximately five miles). Do you want to lose a few extra pounds? Just step up the amount of walking each day. Whatever your goals, a pedometer is an easy way to keep track of your steps on the road to success.

    Remember to check with your doctor before starting any exercise program, especially if you are overweight or managing a health condition.

    • Basic Pedometers

      What they are:A pedometer is a small device, usually worn on your belt or clipped to a pocket, which counts how many steps you take in a day. There are two types:

      • Pendulum: Placement of a pendulum pedometer is vital for accuracy and they must remain in a vertical position on the hip or waist band.
      • Piezoelectric accelerometers: These can be placed anywhere on the front of the body, and some can even be kept in a pocket or on a neck lanyard and still provide accurate step counts.

      Most pedometers weigh only a few ounces and include a security strap to attach to clothing to prevent you from losing it.

      Why to buy: Pedometers are an easy way to track your daily exercise and overall health. Beyond counting steps, many pedometers track the distance in miles, amount of time you’ve been active, and total calories burned.

      Things to consider: When choosing a pedometer, consider the size of the display screen and the ease of reading results. Pendulum-style pedometers are generally less expensive than accelerometers, but the counting of incidental steps can be frustrating. Advantages of accelerometer pedometers are there are no moving parts and they remain silent as they record every step you take. Remember you’ll need to set your average step length or stride length in order for the pedometer to be accurate. Read the instructions on your pedometer carefully; most ask for the step length and explain how to measure it properly. Also note that some pedometers reset at midnight so you’re ready to go each morning, while others require you to manually reset them. Look at whether you need to change the batteries regularly or if it’s rechargeable through a USB connection to your computer.

    • Specialized Pedometers

      What they are: Monitors that help you measure steps plus other tracking, such as heart rate, calories burned, and so on.

      Why to buy: Pedometers with features that track heart rate and so on are handy for keeping an eye on your cardiovascular health, too. More advanced models include a memory function to save your accomplishments and some can upload data to a website, so you can easily track your results online and share with your doctors and friends.

      Things to consider: When investing in tools to support your health goals, sometimes simplest is best, but other times it can be helpful to combine goals and look for a device that will give you other helpful information, such as heart rate or trackable online information.

  • Scales

    Many people track body weight to ensure they stay in a healthy range, and for the millions of people who go on a weight-loss diet each year, a good-quality scale is an essential tool. As you choose a scale, keep the following in mind.

    • Health insurance may cover the cost of a home scale, or you may be able to use a health savings account to pay for one. Call your insurance provider to find out before making your purchase.
    • Place the scale on a flat, hard surface for the most accurate readings.
    • Heavier weight that makes it difficult for scales to shift around can be an indication of higher quality.
    • Before purchasing, weigh yourself five times in a row. If you get the same number all five times, the scale has good precision.
    • To check accuracy, compare weight from your home scale against weight on an upright scale at a doctor’s office. These numbers should be the same or very close to one another.
    • Many things cause short-term weight fluctuations, including how much and what you’ve eaten, whether you’ve exercised recently, whether you’re properly hydrated, what you’re wearing, and time of day. Weigh yourself once per week or less if you’re trying to lose weight; daily fluctuations can lead to dieting frustration.

    • Basic Mechanical Scale (Dial)

      What they are: Mechanical, or analog, scales have a dial readout displaying weight in pounds and kilograms.

      Why to buy: Mechanical scales tend to be less expensive, don’t require a battery, may come with extra large numbers for ease of use, and are the simplest to use.

      Things to consider: Over time, mechanical scales may consistently add or subtract a few pounds. Most come with a tension knob to adjust the scale as required

    • Digital Scale with Added Features

      What they are: These scales give a digital (and sometimes audio) readout of weight.

      Why to buy: Digital scales may have features to allow storing and tracking weight over time, may have the ability to switch between pounds and kilograms, and may provide voice readouts of weight. If several family members are using one scale, consider a model with a multiple-user memory function.

      Things to consider: If you’re concerned about cost and ease of use, a mechanical scale may be a better choice. Digital scales require batteries, which need to be replaced when they wear out, so consider buying a rechargeable set for best value.

    • Digital Scale with Full Features

      What they are: Digital scales with full features can measure and track body weight, body mass index, percent body fat and lean body mass, hydration status, and bone mass.

      Why to buy: These models are a good choice for those who want the most information about weight and related measures. Tracking fat and lean body mass can motivate some people to more consistently follow a healthy diet and exercise plan.

      Things to consider: Extra features often mean higher cost. These models provide an idea of fat and lean mass, bone mass, and hydration, but are not always completely accurate. You should not rely on results from these scales to make important medical decisions. Digital scales require batteries, which need to be replaced when they wear out, so consider buying a rechargeable set for best value.

  • Skin Moisturizers

    From the summer months when we are outdoors in wind and sun, to wintertime when indoor heating and frigid temperatures result in overly dry air, we’ve all experienced flaky skin and dry patches. Finding the right products to nourish dry skin is key to keeping your outermost layer happy and healthy. Keep the following points in mind as you consider skin moisturizers:

    • If you’ve never had severely dry skin in the past and develop it suddenly, talk to your doctor about this. Overly dry skin can signal other health issues such as hormone imbalances or an underactive thyroid gland, which require medical attention.
    • Many people confuse rosacea, a chronic condition involving facial skin inflammation, which can appear as redness, broken blood vessels, or acne-like skin eruptions, with true acne. Rosacea may look like acne that needs to be dried out with acne products, but a moisturizing rosacea-specialty product is a better option.
    •  If you’re pregnant, avoid moisturizing products that contain vitamin A–derived substances, such as retinol, retinal, or retinoids. These are not safe for use during pregnancy, and prescription vitamin A versions may even cause birth defects.

    • Facial Moisturizers

      What they are: Facial moisturizers are designed specifically for use on delicate facial skin. Some may be designed for specific areas of the face, such as around the eyes or mouth.

      Why to buy: Facial moisturizers are the right option to properly hydrate facial skin and keep it supple. Hand creams and other body moisturizing products tend to be too heavy; resist the temptation to use these instead of face-specific products.

      Things to consider: Pay attention to labels and use only as directed. For example, many products are not designed for use on eyelids or close to the eyes, and will sting if applied to these areas. Pick products to meet your needs. Facial moisturizers range from items to treat very dry faces to light moisturizers for acne-prone skin. Expensive may not be better. Ask your doctor or friends and family members for suggestions.

    • Body Moisturizers

      What they are: Body moisturizers come in lotions and thick creams and tend to be heavier than facial products and lighter than hand and foot moisturizers. They often contain humectants—substances to seal moisture into skin, and come with or without fragrance.

      Why to buy: Body moisturizers provide the right weight to keep you feeling soft and velvety all over. Many like to keep a good body moisturizer around so it’s always there to use when needed. Some people use them year round, while others only need them during specific dry seasons.

      Things to consider: Fragrances in lotions and creams are the most common culprit for allergic reactions. If you’ve had problems with moisturizers in the past, try a product formulated for sensitive skin or that is fragrance-free.

    • Moisturizers for Hands & Feet

      What they are: Moisturizers for hands and feet tend to be the heaviest, most moisturizing products available. Skin on hands and feet is thicker, tougher, and may be more exposed than other areas; these body parts may need a heartier product.

      Why to buy: These products are reasonably priced and can address serious dryness, such as cracked heels and chapped, irritated hands. They provide the deepest moisturizing for the areas that need it.

      Things to consider: These products are best for thicker, tougher skin, so avoid using on the face or other sensitive body areas where they may clog pores.

    • Specialty Moisturizers for Dry Patches

      What they are: Specialty moisturizers for dry patches are formulated to address a specific concern, such as dry elbows or knees. These products may contain substances that speed up cell turnover in the skin, so the outer layers of dead skin are shed more quickly. This allows the moisturizer to penetrate to where it is most needed.

      Why to buy: If you have a very dry body area, especially elbows, knees, heels, or hands, a specialty product can help get the problem under control.

      Things to consider: As with hand and feet moisturizers, these products are formulated for very tough, dry skin. They often do not work well on delicate facial skin.

  • Ointments & Creams

    Whether you’re dealing with diaper rash or treating a cut or scrape, there’s an ointment or cream formulated to help. Topical remedies create a barrier on the skin that prevents moisture loss, but whether you are better off using an ointment or a cream depends on the condition. What’s the difference?

    • An ointment generally consists of 80% oils and 20% water, and allows for slower delivery of active ingredients since there is less evaporation. Active ingredients may include medications or herbal infusions.
    • A cream is closer to 50% oils and 50% water. They are more often used to soften and smooth skin, but may also include medications.
    • Some natural products are labeled as a salve (short for “salvations”), which just means an ointment or cream with calming, healing effects that’s applied to wounds or sores.

    Keep the following points in mind when selecting and using ointments and creams:

    • Make sure you read labels carefully and follow instructions.
    • Self-treatment is only for minor conditions. For more serious injuries or illnesses, get to the doctor, urgent care clinic, or emergency room as soon as possible.
    • Do not exceed recommended dosage amounts.
    • Regularly check expiration dates on the creams and ointments and restock your medicine cabinet as needed.

    • Antibiotic & Pain-Relieving Products

      What they are: Antibiotic and pain-relieving ointments and creams are a combination of antibiotics and analgesics, or pain-relieving ingredients, easily applied to the skin.

      Why to buy: To prevent infection and provide immediate topical pain relief for minor cuts, scrapes, and abrasions, antibiotic and pain-relieving ointments and creams are a good choice.

      Things to consider: Use caution when applying ointments to skin that is close to clothing as they may stain, or find formulas that claim to be greaseless and non-staining. If over-the-counter aids don’t help and you suspect an infection, talk with your doctor. Many cuts, scrapes, mild sprains, and strains can be treated at home, but puncture wounds are a different story. These injuries introduce bacteria deep into body tissues and require professional medical care to avoid serious complications. Treat animal bites first at home, but follow up with your doctor, even if the bite seems minor. Animals in general, and cats in particular, may have dangerous bacteria and viruses in their mouths, which can lead to serious, and even life-threatening infections.

    • Anti-Inflammatory Ointments & Creams

      What they are: Anti-inflammatory ointments and creams are low doses of anti-inflammatory medications, such as aspirin, trolamine salicylate, and menthol, which can be easily applied to the skin. Some also contain Aloe vera for added soothing.

      Why to buy: Anti-inflammatory ointments and creams may reduce swelling and inflammation, offering relief from arthritis pain and minor muscle aches.

      Things to consider: If you’re sensitive to smells, choose unscented ointments and creams. Do not use aspirin-containing ointments on children or teens with a fever, due to risk of Reye’s syndrome. Any injury that results in major swelling, misshapen joints or bones, or severe bruising requires medical attention.

    • Ointments for Dry, Cracked, or Irritated Skin

      What they are: Ointments for dry, cracked or irritated skin contain petrolatum and other soothing ingredients to help restore smooth, healthy skin and temporarily protect minor cuts, scrapes, and burns.

      Why to buy: These ointments offer effective healing, soothing, and moisturizing for eczema, chapped lips, and severely dry, cracked skin. They can also protect skin from the harsh, drying effects of wind and cold weather.

      Things to consider: Talk with your doctor if conditions worsen or symptoms last more than a week, or clear up and occur again within a few days. Do not use on deep or puncture wounds, animal bites, or serious burns. For sensitive skin, look for fragrance-free options.

    • Eye Ointments

      What they are: Eye ointments are sterile lubricating ointments that soothe and moisturize dry, irritated eyes, and relieve the burning, itching, and discomfort associated with a sty. For optimal results, most ointments are applied to the inside of the lower eyelid before bedtime and contain mineral oil and white petrolatum as active ingredients.

      Why to buy: If you suffer from severe dry eyes, applying lubricating ointments at bedtime may soothe and moisturize. For relief from corneal edema—inflammation of the cornea due to infection, ocular diseases, surgery, or prolonged use of contact lenses—try sodium chloride hypertonicity ophthalmic ointments, available in various strengths.

      Things to consider: Over-the-counter eye ointments are designed to treat symptoms and are not a cure for infection. If you think you have an eye infection, see your doctor.

    • Diaper Creams & Ointments

      What they are: Diaper creams and ointments offer gentle, easy-to apply treatments for painful diaper rash and other minor skin irritations. Most contain zinc oxide and dimethicone, proven skin protectants. Some also contain petrolatum, lanolin, plus soothing ingredients like Aloe vera, lavender, and chamomile.

      Why to buy: Diaper ointments and creams soothe and heal your baby’s delicate skin. Diaper rash ointments protect the skin from chafing and minor irritations, plus they seal out wetness to help prevent diaper rash.

      Things to consider: If your baby has sensitive skin, look for fragrance-free creams. Many diaper rash ointments may also be used on other parts of the body, including chafed, chapped, or cracked skin and lips.

    • Antifungal Ointments & Creams

      What they are: Antifungal ointments and creams contain a variety of medicated treatments for athlete’s foot and other fungal infections of the skin. Active ingredients include tolnaftate, undecylenic acid, and zinc undecylenate.

      Why to buy: Antifungals can fight the fungus that causes athlete’s foot, ring worm, and jock itch and provide immediate relief for itchy, scaly skin. Daily use of the appropriate ointment or cream may also prevent recurrence of athlete's foot.

      Things to consider: If you don’t see improvement in a few weeks with over-the-counter medications, call your doctor. As part of treating and preventing athlete's foot, clean and dry your feet thoroughly and wear clean socks every day. Unless specified, these products are not effective on the scalp or nails. Do not use on children under two years of age unless directed by a doctor.

  • Heart Rate Monitors

    Heart rate monitors vary in size and function, but most are easy to use and provide valuable insights that support your exercise goals. For example, a heart rate monitor may help you stay in your target heart rate zone while exercising so you can safely focus on burning fat or improving your cardiovascular fitness. People with certain health conditions may use heart rate monitors to track their heart rate throughout the day and catch issues early. Heart rate monitors may also help keep exercise safe for people who, due to health conditions, should not exceed specific levels.

    Remember to always consult a doctor before starting any exercise routine, particularly if you are overweight or managing health conditions.

    • Basic Digital Heart Rate Monitors

      What they are: Many heart rate monitors look and function similarly to a wristwatch. Simple heart rate monitors measure your pulse in beats per minute while advanced models keep a history of readings and track data like irregular heartbeats and average and maximum heart rates. Some monitors even offer display text in multiple languages including English, German, French, and Spanish.

      Why to buy: Measuring your heart rate is important for getting the most out of your workouts, and can be especially important if you have heart health concerns. Most monitors save results by date and time, some for more than one user, and many have averaging functions so you get a feel for how your heart is doing over time.

      Things to consider: Many heart rate monitors include a chest strap that sends a wireless signal to the monitor on your wrist. Other heart rate monitors attach to your wrist or finger where your pulse rate may be counted through the skin. While comfort is one consideration, keep in mind that some experts believe chest straps are most accurate. Check which types of batteries the monitor takes and make sure you can replace them yourself. Look for features such as power-saving modes and low-battery indicators.

    • Multipurpose, Multimedia Monitors

      What they are: Usually worn on your wrist or arm, all-in-one digital devices may measure heart rate, calories burned, number of steps taken, and more. Look for those that combine a heart rate monitor with other interesting tools, like GPS sports watches and mp3 players. Some monitors even interface with exercise equipment or computer software to give you more detail and allow the sharing of results with your doctor or personal trainer.

      Why to buy: Multipurpose monitors provide a better overall picture of your health by tracking multiple factors in one place and cutting down on the number of different gadgets you need. Combining music with your workout makes it a lot more fun.

      Things to consider: Make sure the monitor is easy for you to use—pay attention to the size of the screen and buttons, how easy it is to switch between operating modes, how long the battery lasts, and so forth. When using a device for multiple purposes, you may use power more quickly and have to replace or recharge batteries more often. Online user reviews can be helpful when choosing a device combined with a heart rate monitor.

    • Specialty Heart Rate Monitors

      What they are: Heart rate monitors are sometimes designed to meet other needs, such as water-resistant and waterproof models. There are even heart rate monitors for cyclists to attach to their bikes, which can record data such as bike speed, pedal rpms, and elevation as well.

      Why to buy: If you’re going to wear your heart rate monitor outdoors in rain, snow, or other wet weather, look for ones rated as water resistant. If there’s a possibility your heart rate monitor will get submerged in water, even for a short time period, you’ll need one that’s waterproof.

      Things to consider: There are varying degrees of “water resistant” depending on how much moisture exposure the device can handle, so read labels carefully and err on the side of caution.

    • Fingertip Heart Rate Monitors

      What they are: Fingertip heart rate monitors—which measure your heart rate through the skin in a few short seconds—are rapidly growing in popularity.

      Why  to buy: They’re a portable, easy-to-use version of a heart rate monitor that you can carry in your pocket or purse and use on the go.

      Things to consider: Some experts believe fingertip heart rate monitors are not as accurate as the chest strap versions. Many fingertip monitors are small, so make sure you can easily read the display screen and operate any buttons.

  • Blood Pressure Monitors

    Blood pressure is an important marker of health and a home blood pressure monitor is a wonderful tool for ensuring your numbers stay in the healthy range. A home monitor may lead to savings in health care costs, because you may need fewer visits to the doctor’s office, and it has the advantage of eliminating “white coat hypertension,” the falsely high blood pressure readings that can occur due to the stress of being in the doctor’s office.

    All blood pressure monitors have three key parts: the cuff, the gauge, and the stethoscope. On many models, the stethoscope is a built in sensor. Use this buying guide to find the right monitor to fit your health needs, lifestyle, and budget. As you choose a blood pressure monitor, keep the following in mind:

    • If you have an abnormal heartbeat, home readings can be inaccurate. Talk to your doctor about whether this is a concern for you.
    • Your health insurance may partially or fully cover the cost of a home blood pressure monitor. Call to find out before you purchase one.
    • If your arm is smaller or larger than average, you may need a smaller or larger cuff. If you are unsure whether an arm cuff will fit, ask the pharmacist if you can try before buying.

    • Manual Monitors

      What they are: With manual monitors, the user inflates the cuff around the arm and listens for the pulse through a stethoscope to determine blood pressure as the cuff deflates.

      Why to buy: Once you master their use, manual monitors are accurate and less expensive than most automated models.

      Things to consider: Manual monitors are more difficult to use than automated models, requiring more practice to learn or even another person to operate it.

    • Semi-Automatic & Automatic Arm Sleeve Monitors

      What they are: These devices have built-in stethoscopes with readings displayed on a digital screen. With semi-automatic monitors, the user inflates the cuff, while fully automatic monitors inflate the cuff for you. 

      Why to buy: These monitors typically are more expensive than manual options, but may vary in price depending on features. If you are looking for the most accurate and easiest way to store and track blood pressure readings over time, these models are a good option. 

      Things to consider: If you’re more concerned about cost than ease of use, manual options may be a better choice.

    • Wrist & Finger Monitors

      What they are: These newer devices allow a smaller cuff to be placed on the wrist or on a finger, instead of on the upper arm. 

      Why to buy: Putting on and taking off these monitors is easier than manipulating an arm cuff.  

      Things to consider: Although they tend to fall in the same cost range as automatic arm monitors, these monitors tend to be less accurate and lead to more errors than arm cuff monitors.

    • Advanced Features

      What they are: Depending on your budget and health tracking needs, you may want to consider spending extra dollars to purchase a digital monitor with more advanced features, including memory to store readings over time and computer software to track and graph your readings on a computer or mobile device. 

      Why to buy: Advanced features allow you to track blood pressure over time. Along with a few observations and notes, this can help you uncover connections between your behaviors, such as what you’ve eaten or how much you’ve exercised, and your blood pressure readings. Understanding these connections can help you take positive, effective actions to improve your health. 

      Things to consider: Advanced features cost more and may take more time to learn how to use. Many come with good instructions but if you’re uncomfortable with computers you may find these features take significant effort to learn and use.

  • Glucose Testing

    Testing blood sugar or glucose levels is an important and regular part of managing diabetes and your overall health. A variety of tools and products on the market can help you know when your blood sugar is too high, too low, or just right!

    Glucose testing requires some basic tools: test strips, glucose monitors, lancets, and a lancing device. Glucose monitors often come with a lancing device, making a separate purchase unnecessary. When purchasing separately, be sure to choose test strips and a monitor that are compatible with each other.

    • Blood Glucose Monitors & Kits

      What they are: Blood glucose monitors, or meters, are devices the size of a cell phone or smaller used to monitor your blood glucose levels. They are typically used with lancets, for drawing blood, and test strips, on which you place the blood sample to get a reading.

      Why to buy: Keeping track of your blood sugar is essential for staying healthy and avoiding diabetes complications. Look for kits that can hold your monitor, test strips, and lancets all in one place for easy access. Some glucose monitors provide more information than just your blood glucose level. The more advanced meters offer graphs and the ability to save results, and some allow you to download results to your computer.

      Things to consider: Some meters allow you to use blood from places other than your fingertip (often called "alternate site testing"), and some have a large display screen or spoken instructions for people with visual impairments. Some meters require smaller amounts of blood to achieve an accurate reading, resulting in a less painful finger prick. Look at the manufacturer instructions to determine whether the blood glucose meter needs regular cleaning or other maintenance. Also note the type of batteries required and their cost. Testing supplies are sometimes covered by third party payers—make sure to see which brands your insurance covers.

    • Blood Glucose Test Strips

      What they are: Glucose test strips contain chemicals that react with glucose to read your blood sugar levels. Typically, after inserting a test strip into the monitor, you apply a drop of blood and get results in a few seconds. Newer glucose meters and corresponding test strips require just a small amount of blood—ranging from 0.3 to 1.5 microliters.

      Why to buy: Test strips are a quick and easy way to check your blood sugar levels at home or on the go. Some glucose meters allow you to insert multiple test strips at one time and dispense as needed, while others require a new test strip each time. Make sure your glucose monitor is set up for the test strips you’re using so you get accurate results (“self-coding” glucose meters ensure accuracy by reading the code from the test strip each time).

      Things to consider: Keep plenty of strips on hand since each test strip is used only once and then discarded. Make sure you check expiration dates since expired test strips are not reliable. Test strips are often the most expensive part of monitoring blood sugar, so keep in mind the cost of compatible strips when choosing your glucose monitor.

    • Lancets & Lancing Devices

      What they are: Lancets are disposable pins used to prick the finger in order to draw blood samples for use with glucose test strips. The gauge of the lancet refers to the width of the metal point. And while it may seem backwards, the higher the number, the smaller the lancet. For safety and accuracy, lancets should be applied with a lancing device (sometimes called a pen), which is a reusable instrument with a spring mechanism to help the lancet quickly and painlessly puncture the finger (or alternative site) for the blood sample.

      Why to buy: Lancing devices allow you to adjust how deep the lancet penetrates, depending on the sensitivity and thickness of your skin. For safety, most lancing devices conceal the needle before and after use. Some make the lancet inoperable once it has been used, which is an extra safety feature to prevent painful reuse of the lancet, or accidental use by a child.

      Things to consider: Usually a higher-gauge lancet is less painful to use, but keep in mind it may be harder to get an adequate blood sample. It is imperative for health and safety reasons that lancets be used only once. Remember that lancets are an ongoing expense, so be sure to stock up.

    • Glucose Tablets

      What they are: Glucose tablets dissolve quickly to supply the body with fast-acting carbohydrates (glucose) and help recover from a blood sugar low. Glucose tablets come in an assortment of flavors and many taste similar to a Sweet Tart or Smartie.

      Why to buy: Nearly every person who is taking medication for diabetes sometimes experiences drops in blood sugar that need to be treated immediately. Glucose tablets are one of the quickest, easiest ways to raise blood sugar levels when they are too low. And compared with candy or juice, you’ll feel better almost instantly because glucose raises your blood sugar faster than fructose or table sugar (sucrose).

      Things to consider: Read the package label to see how many grams of carbohydrates are in each glucose tablet, so you know exactly what you’re getting. The average is 4 to 5 grams of glucose per tablet; experts recommend 15 to 20 grams to help correct a blood sugar low. Keep some on hand in your purse, bag, car, and desk so they’re easily accessible when you need them.

  • Medical ID for People with Diabetes

    Why is wearing a diabetes medical ID important? It may help save your life!

    If your blood sugar drops, you may become confused or pass out. If you're sick and your blood sugar skyrockets, you may become confused. If you're in an accident, you may become unconscious or suffer from shock. In all these cases, you won’t be able to communicate your condition.

    Medical identification provides important information for first responders. It may prevent confusion on the part of a paramedic or police officer as to whether your confused state is related to a medical condition rather than intoxication and help you get appropriate treatment.

    • Medical Identification Bracelets and Necklaces

      What they are: Medical identification is usually an engraved bracelet or necklace that presents a concise overview of your conditions, allergies and medicines. It will alert a doctor or paramedic before starting treatment. Informing medical personnel about your unique medical conditions and needs greatly aids prehospital care and helps ensure accurate and appropriate treatment.

      Why to buy: In an emergency, when you might not be able to speak for yourself, a medical identification bracelet or necklace speaks for you. Symptoms of common ailments can easily be misdiagnosed. Medical IDs help ensure prompt diagnosis, which is critical to effective treatment.

      Things to consider: Medical identification should be visible and recognizable. Don’t get something that will be easily confused with other jewelry. It should say you have diabetes and (if you are on insulin) that you take insulin. In addition, carry an identification card that includes your name, emergency contact phone number, phone number of your doctor, and the diabetes medications and doses you're taking. If you wear a pump, include "insulin pump" on the medical identification. Consider including the brand. First responders may not look in your personal belongings for an identification card with your medical information, so wearing a visible identification is more likely to protect you than only carrying a card.

References

1. Pieralice S, Pozzilli P. Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults: A Review on Clinical Implications and Management. Diabetes Metab J 2018;42:451–64.

2. Christ-Crain M, Bichet DG, Fenske WK, et al. Diabetes insipidus. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2019;5:54.

3. Oguntibeju OO. Type 2 diabetes mellitus, oxidative stress and inflammation: examining the links. Int J Physiol Pathophysiol Pharmacol 2019;11:45–63.

4. Holscher C. Insulin Signaling Impairment in the Brain as a Risk Factor in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2019;11:88.

5. Dharmalingam M, Yamasandhi PG. Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2018;22:421–8.

6. Xu C, Wu Y, Liu G, et al. Relationship between homocysteine level and diabetic retinopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diagn Pathol 2014;9:167.

7. Mao S, Xiang W, Huang S, Zhang A. Association between homocysteine status and the risk of nephropathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clin Chim Acta 2014;431:206–10.

8. Ebesunun MO, Obajobi EO. Elevated plasma homocysteine in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Pan Afr Med J 2012;12:48.

9. Gomes M, Negrato C. Alpha-lipoic acid as a pleiotropic compound with potential therapeutic use in diabetes and other chronic diseases. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2014;6:80.

10. Garcia-Alcala H, Santos Vichido C, Islas Macedo S, et al. Treatment with alpha-Lipoic Acid over 16 Weeks in Type 2 Diabetic Patients with Symptomatic Polyneuropathy Who Responded to Initial 4-Week High-Dose Loading. J Diabetes Res 2015;2015:189857.

11. Ziegler D, Low P, Litchy W, et al. Efficacy and safety of antioxidant treatment with alpha-lipoic acid over 4 years in diabetic polyneuropathy: the NATHAN 1 trial. Diabetes Care 2011;34:2054–60.

12. Udupa A, Nahar P, Shah S, et al. A comparative study of effects of omega-3 Fatty acids, alpha lipoic Acid and vitamin e in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ann Med Health Sci Res 2013;3:442–6.

13. Zhao L, Hu F. Alpha-Lipoic acid treatment of aged type 2 diabetes mellitus complicated with acute cerebral infarction. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2014;18:3715–9.

14. Okanovic A, Prnjavorac B, Jusufovic E, Sejdinovic R. Alpha-lipoic acid reduces body weight and regulates triglycerides in obese patients with diabetes mellitus. Med Glas (Zenica) 2015;12:122–7.

15. Nebbioso M, Pranno F, Pescosolido N. Lipoic acid in animal models and clinical use in diabetic retinopathy. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2013;14:1829–38.

16. Gebka A, Serkies-Minuth E, Raczynska D. Effect of the administration of alpha-lipoic acid on contrast sensitivity in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Mediators Inflamm 2014;2014:131538.

17. Hong Y, Peng J, Cai X, et al. Clinical Efficacy of Alprostadil Combined with alpha-lipoic Acid in the Treatment of Elderly Patients with Diabetic Nephropathy. Open Med (Wars) 2017;12:323–7.

18. Mitkov M, Aleksandrova I, Orbetzova M. Effect of transdermal testosterone or alpha-lipoic acid on erectile dysfunction and quality of life in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Folia Med (Plovdiv) 2013;55:55–63.

19. Hosseinzadeh P, Javanbakht M, Mostafavi S, et al. Brewer's Yeast Improves Glycemic Indices in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Int J Prev Med 2013;4:1131–8.

20. Ngala R, Awe M, Nsiah P. The effects of plasma chromium on lipid profile, glucose metabolism and cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetes mellitus. A case - control study. PLoS One 2018;13:e0197977.

21. Khosravi-Boroujeni H, Rostami A, Ravanshad S, Esmaillzadeh A. Favorable effects on metabolic risk factors with daily brewer's yeast in type 2 diabetic patients with hypercholesterolemia: a semi-experimental study. J Diabetes 2012;4:153–8.

22. Sharma S, Agrawal RP, Choudhary M, et al. Beneficial effect of chromium supplementation on glucose, HbA1C and lipid variables in individuals with newly onset type-2 diabetes. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2011;25:149–53.

23. Bahijiri S, Mira S, Mufti A, Ajabnoor M. The effects of inorganic chromium and brewer's yeast supplementation on glucose tolerance, serum lipids and drug dosage in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Saudi Med J 2000;21:831–7.

24. Racek J, Sindberg C, Moesgaard S, et al. Effect of chromium-enriched yeast on fasting plasma glucose, glycated hemoglobin and serum lipid levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with insulin. Biol Trace Elem Res 2013;155:1–4.

25. Yanni A, Stamataki N, Konstantopoulos P, et al. Controlling type-2 diabetes by inclusion of Cr-enriched yeast bread in the daily dietary pattern: a randomized clinical trial. Eur J Nutr 2018;57:259–67.

26. Chen S, Jin X, Shan Z, et al. Inverse Association of Plasma Chromium Levels with Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes: A Case-Control Study. Nutrients 2017;9.

27. McIver D, Grizales A, Brownstein J, Goldfine A. Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Is Lower in US Adults Taking Chromium-Containing Supplements. J Nutr 2015;145:2675–82.

28. Ngala R, Awe M, Nsiah P. The effects of plasma chromium on lipid profile, glucose metabolism and cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetes mellitus. A case - control study. PLoS One 2018;13:e0197977.

29. Rajendran K, Manikandan S, Nair L, et al. Serum Chromium Levels in Type 2 Diabetic Patients and Its Association with Glycaemic Control. J Clin Diagn Res 2015;9:Oc05–8.

30. Farrokhian A, Mahmoodian M, Bahmani F, et al. The Influences of Chromium Supplementation on Metabolic Status in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Coronary Heart Disease. Biol Trace Elem Res 2019.

31. Huang H, Chen G, Dong Y, et al. Chromium supplementation for adjuvant treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: Results from a pooled analysis. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018;62.

32. Brownley K, Boettiger C, Young L, Cefalu W. Dietary chromium supplementation for targeted treatment of diabetes patients with comorbid depression and binge eating. Med Hypotheses 2015;85:45–8.

33. Koupy D, Kotolova H, Ruda Kucerova J. Effectiveness of phytotherapy in supportive treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus II. Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum). Ceska Slov Farm 2015;64:67–71.

34. Kiss R, Szabo K, Gesztelyi R, et al. Insulin-Sensitizer Effects of Fenugreek Seeds in Parallel with Changes in Plasma MCH Levels in Healthy Volunteers. Int J Mol Sci 2018;19.

35. Ranade M, Mudgalkar N. A simple dietary addition of fenugreek seed leads to the reduction in blood glucose levels: A parallel group, randomized single-blind trial. Ayu 2017;38:24–7.

36. Gaddam A, Galla C, Thummisetti S, et al. Role of Fenugreek in the prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus in prediabetes. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2015;14:74.

37. Verma N, Usman K, Patel N, et al. A multicenter clinical study to determine the efficacy of a novel fenugreek seed (Trigonella foenum-graecum) extract (Fenfuro) in patients with type 2 diabetes. Food Nutr Res /em> 2016;60:32382.

38. Neelakantan N, Narayanan M, de Souza R, van Dam R. Effect of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) intake on glycemia: a meta-analysis of clinical trials. Nutr J 2014;13:7.

39. Weickert M, Pfeiffer A. Impact of Dietary Fiber Consumption on Insulin Resistance and the Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes. J Nutr 2018;148:7–12.

40. Davison K, Temple N. Cereal fiber, fruit fiber, and type 2 diabetes: Explaining the paradox. J Diabetes Complications 2018;32:240–5.

41. Wang Y, Duan Y, Zhu L, et al. Whole grain and cereal fiber intake and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis. Int J Mol Epidemiol Genet 2019;10:38–46.

42. Silva F, Kramer C, de Almeida J, et al. Fiber intake and glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutr Rev 2013;71:790–801.

43. Jovanovski E, Khayyat R, Zurbau A, et al. Should Viscous Fiber Supplements Be Considered in Diabetes Control? Results from a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Diabetes Care 2019;42:755–66.

44. Gibb R, McRorie J, Jr., Russell D, et al. Psyllium fiber improves glycemic control proportional to loss of glycemic control: a meta-analysis of data in euglycemic subjects, patients at risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus, and patients being treated for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am J Clin Nutr 2015;102:1604–14.

45. He L, Zhao J, Huang Y, Li Y. The difference between oats and beta-glucan extract intake in the management of HbA1c, fasting glucose and insulin sensitivity: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Food Funct 2016;7:1413–28.

46. Dall'Alba V, Silva F, Antonio J, et al. Improvement of the metabolic syndrome profile by soluble fibre - guar gum - in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomised clinical trial. Br J Nutr 2013;110:1601–10.

47. Liu F, Prabhakar M, Ju J, et al. Effect of inulin-type fructans on blood lipid profile and glucose level: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur J Clin Nutr 2017;71:9–20.

48. Tinelli C, Di Pino A, Ficulle E, et al. Hyperhomocysteinemia as a Risk Factor and Potential Nutraceutical Target for Certain Pathologies. Front Nutr 2019;6:49.

49. Zhao J, Schooling C, Zhao J. The effects of folate supplementation on glucose metabolism and risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Ann Epidemiol 2018;28:249–57.e241.

50. Xu C, Wu Y, Liu G, et al. Relationship between homocysteine level and diabetic retinopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diagn Pathol 2014;9:167.

51. Mao S, Xiang W, Huang S, Zhang A. Association between homocysteine status and the risk of nephropathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clin Chim Acta 2014;431:206–10.

52. Sudchada P, Saokaew S, Sridetch S, et al. Effect of folic acid supplementation on plasma total homocysteine levels and glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2012;98:151–8.

53. Smolek M, Notaroberto N, Jaramillo A, Pradillo L. Intervention with vitamins in patients with nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy: a pilot study. Clin Ophthalmol 2013;7:1451–8.

54. Fonseca V, Lavery L, Thethi T, et al. Metanx in type 2 diabetes with peripheral neuropathy: a randomized trial. Am J Med 2013;126:141–9.

55. Jacobs A, Cheng D. Management of diabetic small-fiber neuropathy with combination L-methylfolate, methylcobalamin, and pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. Rev Neurol Dis 2011;8:39–47.

56. Walker M, Jr., Morris L, Cheng D. Improvement of cutaneous sensitivity in diabetic peripheral neuropathy with combination L-methylfolate, methylcobalamin, and pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. Rev Neurol Dis 2010;7:132–9.

57. Chearskul S, Sangurai S, Nitiyanant W, et al. Glycemic and lipid responses to glucomannan in Thais with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Med Assoc Thai 2007;90:2150–7.

58. Yoshida M, Vanstone C, Parsons W, et al. Effect of plant sterols and glucomannan on lipids in individuals with and without type II diabetes. Eur J Clin Nutr 2006;60:529–37.

59. Chen H, Sheu W, Tai T, et al. Konjac supplement alleviated hypercholesterolemia and hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetic subjects--a randomized double-blind trial. J Am Coll Nutr 2003;22:36–42.

60. Chen H, Nie Q, Hu J, et al. Glucomannans Alleviated the Progression of Diabetic Kidney Disease by Improving Kidney Metabolic Disturbance. Mol Nutr Food Res 2019;63:e1801008.

61. Ozcaliskan Ilkay H, Sahin H, Tanriverdi F, Samur G. Association Between Magnesium Status, Dietary Magnesium Intake, and Metabolic Control in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. J Am Coll Nutr 2019;38:31–9.

62. Hruby A, Guasch-Ferre M, Bhupathiraju S, et al. Magnesium Intake, Quality of Carbohydrates, and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: Results From Three U.S. Cohorts. Diabetes Care 2017;40:1695–702.

63. Chen S, Jin X, Liu J, et al. Association of Plasma Magnesium with Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Adults. Sci Rep 2017;7:12763.

64. Fang X, Han H, Li M, et al. Dose-Response Relationship between Dietary Magnesium Intake and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Regression Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies. Nutrients 2016;8.

65. Kostov K. Effects of Magnesium Deficiency on Mechanisms of Insulin Resistance in Type 2 Diabetes: Focusing on the Processes of Insulin Secretion and Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2019;20.

66. Barbagallo M, Dominguez L. Magnesium and type 2 diabetes. World J Diabetes 2015;6:1152–7.

67. Kumar P, Bhargava S, Agarwal P, et al. Association of serum magnesium with type 2 diabetes mellitus and diabetic retinopathy. J Family Med Prim Care 2019;8:1671–7.

68. Joy S, George T, Siddiqui K. Low magnesium level as an indicator of poor glycemic control in type 2 diabetic patients with complications. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2019;13:1303–7.

69. Zhang Q, Ji L, Zheng H, et al. Low serum phosphate and magnesium levels are associated with peripheral neuropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2018;146:1–7.

70. Gant C, Soedamah-Muthu S, Binnenmars S, et al. Higher Dietary Magnesium Intake and Higher Magnesium Status Are Associated with Lower Prevalence of Coronary Heart Disease in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. Nutrients 2018;10.

71. Bherwani S, Jibhkate S, Saumya A, et al. Hypomagnesaemia: a modifiable risk factor of diabetic nephropathy. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2017;29:79–84.

72. Dibaba D, Xun P, Song Y, et al. The effect of magnesium supplementation on blood pressure in individuals with insulin resistance, prediabetes, or noncommunicable chronic diseases: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr 2017;106:921–9.

73. Verma H, Garg R. Effect of magnesium supplementation on type 2 diabetes associated cardiovascular risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hum Nutr Diet 2017;30:621–33.

74. ELDerawi W, Naser I, Taleb M, Abutair A. The Effects of Oral Magnesium Supplementation on Glycemic Response among Type 2 Diabetes Patients. Nutrients 2018;11.

75. Talari H, Zakizade M, Soleimani A, et al. Effects of magnesium supplementation on carotid intima-media thickness and metabolic profiles in diabetic haemodialysis patients: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Br J Nutr 2019;121:809–17.

76. Sadeghian M, Azadbakht L, Khalili N, et al. Oral Magnesium Supplementation Improved Lipid Profile but Increased Insulin Resistance in Patients with Diabetic Nephropathy: a Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. Biol Trace Elem Res 2019.

77. He J, Zhang F, Han Y. Effect of probiotics on lipid profiles and blood pressure in patients with type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis of RCTs. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017;96:e9166.

78. Wang X, Juan Q, He Y, et al. Multiple effects of probiotics on different types of diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled trials. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2017;30:611–22.

79. Hu Y, Zhou F, Yuan Y, Xu Y. Effects of probiotics supplement in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A meta-analysis of randomized trials. Med Clin (Barc) 2017;148:362–70.

80. Akbari V, Hendijani F. Effects of probiotic supplementation in patients with type 2 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Rev 2016;74:774–84.

81. Li C, Li X, Han H, et al. Effect of probiotics on metabolic profiles in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016;95:e4088.

82. Tiderencel K, Hutcheon D, Ziegler J. Probiotics for the treatment of type 2 diabetes: A review of randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2019:e3213.

83. Gibb R, McRorie J, Jr., Russell D, et al. Psyllium fiber improves glycemic control proportional to loss of glycemic control: a meta-analysis of data in euglycemic subjects, patients at risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus, and patients being treated for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am J Clin Nutr 2015;102:1604–14.

84. Huseini H, Kianbakht S, Hajiaghaee R, Dabaghian F. Anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hypercholesterolemic effects of Aloe vera leaf gel in hyperlipidemic type 2 diabetic patients: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. Planta Med 2012;78:311–6.

85. Choudhary M, Kochhar A, Sangha J. Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effect of Aloe vera L. in non-insulin dependent diabetics. J Food Sci Technol 2014;51:90–6.

86. De Souza L, Jenkins A, Jovanovski E, et al. Ethanol extraction preparation of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L) and Korean red ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer): differential effects on postprandial insulinemia in healthy individuals. J Ethnopharmacol 2015;159:55–61.

87. Shishtar E, Sievenpiper J, Djedovic V, et al. The effect of ginseng (the genus panax) on glycemic control: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. PLoS One 2014;9:e107391.

88. Gui Q, Xu Z, Xu K, Yang Y. The Efficacy of Ginseng-Related Therapies in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016;95:e2584.

89. Vuksan V, Xu Z, Jovanovski E, et al. Efficacy and safety of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) extract on glycemic control and cardiovascular risk factors in individuals with type 2 diabetes: a double-blind, randomized, cross-over clinical trial. Eur J Nutr 2019;58:1237–45.

90. Mucalo I, Jovanovski E, Rahelic D, et al. Effect of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) on arterial stiffness in subjects with type-2 diabetes and concomitant hypertension. J Ethnopharmacol 2013;150:148–53.

91. Mucalo I, Jovanovski E, Vuksan V, et al. American Ginseng Extract (Panax quinquefolius L.) Is Safe in Long-Term Use in Type 2 Diabetic Patients. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2014;2014:969168.

92. Gui Q, Xu Z, Xu K, Yang Y. The Efficacy of Ginseng-Related Therapies in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016;95:e2584.

93. Shishtar E, Sievenpiper J, Djedovic V, et al. The effect of ginseng (the genus panax) on glycemic control: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. PLoS One 2014;9:e107391.

94. Oh M, Park S, Kim S, et al. Postprandial glucose-lowering effects of fermented red ginseng in subjects with impaired fasting glucose or type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. BMC Complement Altern Med 2014;14:237.

95. Zhou P, Xie W, He S, et al. Ginsenoside Rb1 as an Anti-Diabetic Agent and Its Underlying Mechanism Analysis. Cells 2019;8.

96. Bai L, Gao J, Wei F, et al. Therapeutic Potential of Ginsenosides as an Adjuvant Treatment for Diabetes. Front Pharmacol 2018;9:423.

97. Bang H, Kwak JH, Ahn HY, et al. Korean red ginseng improves glucose control in subjects with impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance, or newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Med Food 2014;17:128–34.

98. Yoon J, Kang S, Vassy J, et al. Efficacy and safety of ginsam, a vinegar extract from Panax ginseng, in type 2 diabetic patients: Results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Diabetes Investig 2012;3:309–17.

99. Vuksan V, Sung M, Sievenpiper J, et al. Korean red ginseng (Panax ginseng) improves glucose and insulin regulation in well-controlled, type 2 diabetes: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of efficacy and safety. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2008;18:46–56.

100. Guo H, Ling W. The update of anthocyanins on obesity and type 2 diabetes: experimental evidence and clinical perspectives. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2015;16:1–13.

101. Rozanska D, Regulska-Ilow B. The significance of anthocyanins in the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes. Adv Clin Exp Med 2018;27:135–42.

102. Karcheva-Bahchevanska D, Lukova P, Nikolova M, et al. Effect of Extracts of Bilberries (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) on Amyloglucosidase and alpha-Glucosidase Activity. Folia Med (Plovdiv) 2017;59:197–202.

103. Guo X, Yang B, Tan J, et al. Associations of dietary intakes of anthocyanins and berry fruits with risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Eur J Clin Nutr 2016;70:1360–7.

104. Rocha D, Caldas A, da Silva B, et al. Effects of blueberry and cranberry consumption on type 2 diabetes glycemic control: A systematic review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2019;59:1816–28.

105. Burton-Freeman B, Brzezinski M, Park E, et al. A Selective Role of Dietary Anthocyanins and Flavan-3-ols in Reducing the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Review of Recent Evidence. Nutrients 2019;11.

106. Cao H, Ou J, Chen L, et al. Dietary polyphenols and type 2 diabetes: Human Study and Clinical Trial. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018:1-9.

107. Yang L, Ling W, Du Z, et al. Effects of Anthocyanins on Cardiometabolic Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Adv Nutr 2017;8:684–93.

108. de Mello V, Lankinen M, Lindstrom J, et al. Fasting serum hippuric acid is elevated after bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) consumption and associates with improvement of fasting glucose levels and insulin secretion in persons at high risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017;61.

109. Hoggard N, Cruickshank M, Moar K, et al. A single supplement of a standardized bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) extract (36 % wet weight anthocyanins) modifies glycaemic response in individuals with type 2 diabetes controlled by diet and lifestyle. J Nutr Sci 2013;2:e22.

110. Ghosh D, Konishi T. Anthocyanins and anthocyanin-rich extracts: role in diabetes and eye function. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2007;16:200–8.

111. Maebashi M, Makino Y, Furukawa Y, et al. Therapeutic evaluation of the effect of biotin on hyperglycemia in patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. J Clin Biochem Nutr 1993;14:211–8

112. Revilla-Monsalve C, Zendejas-Ruiz I, Islas-Andrade S, et al. Biotin supplementation reduces plasma triacylglycerol and VLDL in type 2 diabetic patients and in nondiabetic subjects with hypertriglyceridemia. Biomed Pharmacother 2006;60:182–5.

113. Koutsikos D, Agroyannis B, Tzanatos-Exarchou H. Biotin for diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Biomed Pharmacother 1990;44:511–4.

114. Singer G, Geohas J. The effect of chromium picolinate and biotin supplementation on glycemic control in poorly controlled patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a placebo-controlled, double-blinded, randomized trial. Diabetes Technol Ther 2006;8:636–43.

115. Albarracin C, Fuqua B, Geohas J, et al. Combination of chromium and biotin improves coronary risk factors in hypercholesterolemic type 2 diabetes mellitus: a placebo-controlled, double-blind randomized clinical trial. J Cardiometab Syndr 2007;2:91–7.

116. Geohas J, Daly A, Juturu V, et al. Chromium picolinate and biotin combination reduces atherogenic index of plasma in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a placebo-controlled, double-blinded, randomized clinical trial. Am J Med Sci 2007;333:145–53.

117. Albarracin C, Fuqua B, Evans J, Goldfine I. Chromium picolinate and biotin combination improves glucose metabolism in treated, uncontrolled overweight to obese patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2008;24:41–51.

118. Shivanagoudra S, Perera W, Perez J, et al. In vitro and in silico elucidation of antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities of bioactive compounds from Momordica charantia L. Bioorg Med Chem 2019;27:3097–109.

119. Yin R, Lee N, Hirpara H, Phung O. The effect of bitter melon (Mormordica charantia) in patients with diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Diabetes 2014;4:e145.

120. Ooi C, Yassin Z, Hamid T. Momordica charantia for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012:Cd007845.

121. Peter E, Kasali F, Deyno S, et al. Momordica charantia L. lowers elevated glycaemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: Systematic review and meta-analysis. J Ethnopharmacol 2019;231:311–24.

122. Cortez-Navarrete M, Martínez-Abundis E, Perez-Rubio K, et al. Momordica charantia Administration Improves Insulin Secretion in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. J Med Food 2018;21:672–7.

123. Inayat U, Khan R, Khalil Ur R, Bashir M. Lower hypoglycemic but higher antiatherogenic effects of bitter melon than glibenclamide in type 2 diabetic patients. Nutr J 2015;14:13.

124. Mang B, Wolters M, Schmitt B, et al. Effects of a cinnamon extract on plasma glucose, HbA, and serum lipids in diabetes mellitus type 2. Eur J Clin Invest 2006;36:340–4.

125. Crawford P. Effectiveness of cinnamon for lowering hemoglobin A1C in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, controlled trial. J Am Board Fam Med 2009;22:507–12.

126. Akilen R, Tsiami A, Devendra D, Robinson N. Glycated haemoglobin and blood pressure-lowering effect of cinnamon in multi-ethnic Type 2 diabetic patients in the UK: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial. Diabet Med 2010;27:1159–67.

127. Lu T, Sheng H, Wu J, et al. Cinnamon extract improves fasting blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin level in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes. Nutr Res 2012;32:408–12.

128. Sahib A. Anti-diabetic and antioxidant effect of cinnamon in poorly controlled type-2 diabetic Iraqi patients: A randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Intercult Ethnopharmacol 2016;5:108–13.

129. Sengsuk C, Sanguanwong S, Tangvarasittichai O, Tangvarasittichai S. Effect of cinnamon supplementation on glucose, lipids levels, glomerular filtration rate, and blood pressure of subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetol Int 2016;7:124–32.

130. Talaei B, Amouzegar A, Sahranavard S, et al. Effects of Cinnamon Consumption on Glycemic Indicators, Advanced Glycation End Products, and Antioxidant Status in Type 2 Diabetic Patients. Nutrients 2017;9.

131. Deyno S, Eneyew K, Seyfe S, et al. Efficacy and safety of cinnamon in type 2 diabetes mellitus and pre-diabetes patients: A meta-analysis and meta-regression. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2019;156:107815.

132. Namazi N, Khodamoradi K, Khamechi S, et al. The impact of cinnamon on anthropometric indices and glycemic status in patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials. Complement Ther Med 2019;43:92–101.

133. Yen C, Chu Y, Lee B, et al. Effect of liquid ubiquinol supplementation on glucose, lipids and antioxidant capacity in type 2 diabetes patients: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Br J Nutr 2018;120:57–63.

134. Raygan F, Rezavandi Z, Dadkhah Tehrani S, et al The effects of coenzyme Q10 administration on glucose homeostasis parameters, lipid profiles, biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress in patients with metabolic syndrome. Eur J Nutr 2016;55:2357–64.

135. Zahedi H, Eghtesadi S, Seifirad S, et al. Effects of CoQ10 Supplementation on Lipid Profiles and Glycemic Control in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2014;13:81.

136. Kolahdouz Mohammadi R, Hosseinzadeh-Attar M, Eshraghian M, et al. The effect of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on metabolic status of type 2 diabetic patients. Minerva Gastroenterol Dietol 2013;59:231–6.

137. Mezawa M, Takemoto M, Onishi S, et al. The reduced form of coenzyme Q10 improves glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: an open label pilot study. Biofactors 2012;38:416–21.

138. Zhang S, Yang K, Zeng L, et al. Effectiveness of Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Endocrinol 2018;2018:6484839.

139. Huang H, Chi H, Liao D, Zou Y. Effects of coenzyme Q10 on cardiovascular and metabolic biomarkers in overweight and obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a pooled analysis. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2018;11:875–86.

140. Akbari Fakhrabadi M, Zeinali Ghotrom A, Mozaffari-Khosravi H, et al. Effect of Coenzyme Q10 on Oxidative Stress, Glycemic Control and Inflammation in Diabetic Neuropathy: A Double Blind Randomized Clinical Trial. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 2014;84:252–60.

141. Stohs S, Miller H, Kaats G. A review of the efficacy and safety of banaba (Lagerstroemia speciosa L.) and corosolic acid. Phytother Res 2012;26:317–24.

142. Judy W, Hari S, Stogsdill W, et al. Antidiabetic activity of a standardized extract (Glucosol) from Lagerstroemia speciosa leaves in Type II diabetics. A dose-dependence study. J Ethnopharmacol 2003;87:115–7.

143. Casanova E, Salvado J, Crescenti A, Gibert-Ramos A. Epigallocatechin Gallate Modulates Muscle Homeostasis in Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity by Targeting Energetic and Redox Pathways: A Narrative Review. Int J Mol Sci 2019;20.

144. Yang C, Zhang J, Zhang L, et al. Mechanisms of body weight reduction and metabolic syndrome alleviation by tea. Mol Nutr Food Res 2016;60:160–74.

145. Ferreira M, Silva D, de Morais A, et al. Therapeutic potential of green tea on risk factors for type 2 diabetes in obese adults - a review. Obes Rev 2016;17:1316–28.

146. Keske M, Ng H, Premilovac D, et al. Vascular and metabolic actions of the green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin gallate. Curr Med Chem 2015;22:59–69.

147. Quezada-Fernandez P, Trujillo-Quiros J, Pascoe-Gonzalez S, et al. Effect of green tea extract on arterial stiffness, lipid profile and sRAGE in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2019:1–9.

148. Liu K, Zhou R, Wang B, et al. Effect of green tea on glucose control and insulin sensitivity: a meta-analysis of 17 randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr 2013;98:340–8.

149. Yu J, Song P, Perry R, et al. The Effectiveness of Green Tea or Green Tea Extract on Insulin Resistance and Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Meta-Analysis. Diabetes Metab J 2017;41:251–62.

150. Younes M, Aggett P, Aguilar F, et al. Scientific opinion on the safety of green tea catechins. EFSA Journal 2018;16:e05239.

151. Pothuraju R, Sharma R, Chagalamarri J, et al. A systematic review of Gymnema sylvestre in obesity and diabetes management. J Sci Food Agric 2014;94:834–40.

152. Baskaran K, Kizar Ahamath B, Radha Shanmugasundaram K, Shanmugasundaram E. Antidiabetic effect of a leaf extract from Gymnema sylvestre in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients. J Ethnopharmacol 1990;30:295–300.

153. Kumar S, Mani U, Mani I. An open label study on the supplementation of Gymnema sylvestre in type 2 diabetics. J Diet Suppl 2010;7:273–82.

154. Al-Romaiyan A, Liu B, Asare-Anane H, et al. A novel Gymnema sylvestre extract stimulates insulin secretion from human islets in vivo and in vitro. Phytother Res 2010;24:1370–6.

155. Li Y, Zheng M, Zhai X, et al. Effect of Gymnema sylvestre, Citrus colocynthis and Artemisia absinthum on blood glucose and lipid profile in diabetic human. Acta Pol Pharm 2015;72:981–5.

156. Ononamadu C, Alhassan A, Imam A, et al. In vitro and in vivo anti-diabetic and anti-oxidant activities of methanolic leaf extracts of Ocimum canum. Caspian J Intern Med 2019;10:162–75.

157. Nyarko A, Asare-Anane H, Ofosuhene M, et al. Aqueous extract of Ocimum canum decreases levels of fasting blood glucose and free radicals and increases antiatherogenic lipid levels in mice. Vascul Pharmacol 2002;39:273–9.

158. Nyarko A, Asare-Anane H, Ofosuhene M, Addy M. Extract of Ocimum canum lowers blood glucose and facilitates insulin release by isolated pancreatic beta-islet cells. Phytomedicine 2002;9:346–51.

159. Viseshakul D, Premvatana P, Chularojmontri V, et al. Improved glucose tolerance induced by long term dietary supplementation with hairy basal seeds (Ocimum canum Sim) in diabetics. J Med Assoc Thailand 1985;68:408–11.

160. Suanarunsawat T, Anantasomboon G, Piewbang C. Anti-diabetic and anti-oxidative activity of fixed oil extracted from Ocimum sanctum L. leaves in diabetic rats. Exp Ther Med 2016;11:832–40.

161. Husain I, Chander R, Saxena J, et al. Antidyslipidemic Effect of Ocimum sanctum Leaf Extract in Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Rats. Indian J Clin Biochem 2015;30:72–7.

162. Muralikrishnan G, Pillai S, Shakeel F. Protective effects of Ocimum sanctum on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status in streptozocin-induced diabetic rats. Nat Prod Res 2012;26:474–8.

163. Patil R, Patil R, Ahirwar B, Ahirwar D. Isolation and characterization of anti-diabetic component (bioactivity-guided fractionation) from Ocimum sanctum L. (Lamiaceae) aerial part. Asian Pac J Trop Med 2011;4:278–82.

164. Agrawal P, Rai V, Singh RB. Randomized placebo-controlled, single blind trial of holy basil leaves in patients with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 1996;34:406–9.

165. Satapathy S, Das N, Bandyopadhyay D, et al. Effect of Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum Linn.) Supplementation on Metabolic Parameters and Liver Enzymes in Young Overweight and Obese Subjects. Indian J Clin Biochem 2017;32:357–63.

166. Adeva-Andany M, Calvo-Castro I, Fernandez-Fernandez C, et al. Significance of l-carnitine for human health. IUBMB Life 2017;69:578–94.

167. Bene J, Hadzsiev K, Melegh B. Role of carnitine and its derivatives in the development and management of type 2 diabetes. Nutr Diabetes 2018;8:8.

168. Ramazani M, Qujeq D, Moazezi Z. Assessing the Levels of L-Carnitine and Total Antioxidant Capacity in Adults with Newly Diagnosed and Long-Standing Type 2 Diabetes. Can J Diabetes 2019;43:46-50.e41.

169. Poorabbas A, Fallah F, Bagdadchi J, et al. Determination of free L-carnitine levels in type II diabetic women with and without complications. Eur J Clin Nutr 2007;61:892–5.

170. Ringseis R, Keller J, Eder K. Role of carnitine in the regulation of glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity: evidence from in vivo and in vitro studies with carnitine supplementation and carnitine deficiency. Eur J Nutr 2012;51:1–18.

171. Vidal-Casariego A, Burgos-Pelaez R, Martinez-Faedo C, et al. Metabolic effects of L-carnitine on type 2 diabetes mellitus: systematic review and meta-analysis. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2013;121:234–8.

172. El-Sheikh H, El-Haggar S, Elbedewy T. Comparative study to evaluate the effect of l-carnitine plus glimepiride versus glimepiride alone on insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2019;13:167–73.

173. Derosa G, Maffioli P, Ferrari I, et al. Orlistat and L-carnitine compared to orlistat alone on insulin resistance in obese diabetic patients. Endocr J 2010;57:777–86.

174. Derosa G, Maffioli P, Salvadeo S, et al. Sibutramine and L-carnitine compared to sibutramine alone on insulin resistance in diabetic patients. Intern Med 2010;49:1717–25.

175. Galvano F, Li Volti G, Malaguarnera M, et al. Effects of simvastatin and carnitine versus simvastatin on lipoprotein(a) and apoprotein(a) in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2009;10:1875–82.

176. Molfino A, Cascino A, Conte C, et al. Caloric restriction and L-carnitine administration improves insulin sensitivity in patients with impaired glucose metabolism. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2010;34:295–9.

177. Imbe A, Tanimoto K, Inaba Y, et al. Effects of L-carnitine supplementation on the quality of life in diabetic patients with muscle cramps. Endocr J 2018;65:521–6.

178. Ebrahimpour-Koujan S, Gargari B, Mobasseri M, et al. Lower glycemic indices and lipid profile among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients who received novel dose of Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. (silymarin) extract supplement: A Triple-blinded randomized controlled clinical trial. Phytomedicine 2018;44:39–44.

179. Ebrahimpour Koujan S, Gargari B, Mobasseri M, et al. Effects of Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. (silymarin) extract supplementation on antioxidant status and hs-CRP in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Phytomedicine 2015;22:290–6.

180. Huseini H, Larijani B, Heshmat R, et al. The efficacy of Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. (silymarin) in the treatment of type II diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial. Phytother Res 2006;20:1036–9.

181. Di Pierro F, Bellone I, Rapacioli G, Putignano P. Clinical role of a fixed combination of standardized Berberis aristata and Silybum marianum extracts in diabetic and hypercholesterolemic patients intolerant to statins. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2015;8:89–96.

182. Di Pierro F, Putignano P, Villanova N, et al. Preliminary study about the possible glycemic clinical advantage in using a fixed combination of Berberis aristata and Silybum marianum standardized extracts versus only Berberis aristata in patients with type 2 diabetes. Clin Pharmacol 2013;5:167–74.

183. Ikechukwu O, Ifeanyi O. The Antidiabetic Effects of The Bioactive Flavonoid (Kaempferol-3-O-beta-D-6{P- Coumaroyl} Glucopyranoside) Isolated from Allium cepa.Recent Pat Antiinfect Drug Discov 2016;11:44–52.

184. Oboh G, Ademiluyi A, Agunloye O, et al. Inhibitory Effect of Garlic, Purple Onion, and White Onion on Key Enzymes Linked with Type 2 Diabetes and Hypertension. J Diet Suppl 2019;16:105–18.

185. Akash M, Rehman K, Chen S. Spice plant Allium cepa: dietary supplement for treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nutrition 2014;30:1128–37.

186. Gautam S, Pal S, Maurya R, Srivastava A. Ethanolic extract of Allium cepa stimulates glucose transporter typ 4-mediated glucose uptake by the activation of insulin signaling. Planta Med 2015;81:208–14.

187. Taj Eldin I, Ahmed E, Elwahab H. Preliminary Study of the Clinical Hypoglycemic Effects of Allium cepa (Red Onion) in Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetic Patients. Environ Health Insights 2010;4:71–7.

188. Tjokroprawiro A, Pikir BS, Budhiarta AA, et al. Metabolic effects of onion and green beans on diabetic patients. Tohoku J Exp Med 1983;141:671–6.

189. Liu X, Zhou HJ, Rohdewald P. French maritime pine bark extract Pycnogenol dose-dependently lowers glucose in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 2004;27:839 [letter].

190. Zibadi S, Rohdewald PJ, Park D, Watson RR. Reduction of cardiovascular risk factors in subjects with type 2 diabetes by Pycnogenol supplementation. Nutr Res 2008;28:315–20.

191. Liu X, Wei J, Tan F, et al. Antidiabetic effect of Pycnogenol French maritime pine bark extract in patients with diabetes type II. Life Sci 2004;75:2505–13.

192. Cesarone M, Belcaro G, Rohdewald P, et al. Improvement of diabetic microangiopathy with pycnogenol: A prospective, controlled study. Angiology 2006;57:431–6.

193. Schonlau F, Rohdewald P. Pycnogenol for diabetic retinopathy. A review. Int Ophthalmol 2001;24:161–71.

194. Spadea L, Balestrazzi E. Treatment of vascular retinopathies with Pycnogenol. Phytother Res 2001;15:219–23.

195. Steigerwalt R, Belcaro G, Cesarone MR, et al. Pycnogenol improves microcirculation, retinal edema, and visual acuity in early diabetic retinopathy. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2009;25:537–40.

196. Belcaro G, Cesarone M, Errichi B, et al. Diabetic ulcers: microcirculatory improvement and faster healing with pycnogenol. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2006;12:318–23.

197. Vinciguerra G, Belcaro G, Cesarone MR, et al. Cramps and muscular pain: prevention with pycnogenol in normal subjects, venous patients, athletes, claudicants and in diabetic microangiopathy. Angiology 2006;57:331–9.

198. Kim H, Park K, Lee S, et al. Effects of pinitol on glycemic control, insulin resistance and adipocytokine levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ann Nutr Metab 2012;60:1–5.

199. Kim J, Kim J, Kang M, et al Effects of pinitol isolated from soybeans on glycaemic control and cardiovascular risk factors in Korean patients with type II diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled study. Eur J Clin Nutr 2005;59:456–8.

200. Kang M, Kim J, Yoon S, et al. Pinitol from soybeans reduces postprandial blood glucose in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Med Food 2006;9:182–6.

201. Merigliano C, Mascolo E, Burla R, et al. The Relationship Between Vitamin B6, Diabetes and Cancer. Front Genet 2018;9:388.

202. Kim H, Kang Y, Lee J, et al. The Postprandial Anti-Hyperglycemic Effect of Pyridoxine and Its Derivatives Using In Vitro and In Vivo Animal Models. Nutrients 2018;10.

203. Ahn H, Min K, Cho Y. Assessment of vitamin B(6) status in Korean patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes. Nutr Res Pract 2011;5:34–9.

204. McCann V, Davis R. Serum pyridoxal concentrations in patients with diabetic neuropathy. Aust N Z J Med 1978;8:259–61.

205. Nix W, Zirwes R, Bangert V, et al. Vitamin B status in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with and without incipient nephropathy. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2015;107:157–65.

206. Walker M, Morris L, Cheng D. Improvement of cutaneous sensitivity in diabetic peripheral neuropathy with combination L-methylfolate, methylcobalamin, and pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. Rev Neurol Dis 2010;7:132–9.

207. Smolek M, Notaroberto N, Jaramillo A, Pradillo L. Intervention with vitamins in patients with nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy: a pilot study. Clin Ophthalmol 2013;7:1451–8.

208. Mason S, Rasmussen B, van Loon L, et al. Ascorbic acid supplementation improves postprandial glycaemic control and blood pressure in individuals with type 2 diabetes: Findings of a randomized cross-over trial. Diabetes Obes Metab 2019;21:674–82.

209. Ashor A, Werner A, Lara J, et al. Effects of vitamin C supplementation on glycaemic control: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Eur J Clin Nutr 2017;71:1371–80.

210. Das U. Vitamin C for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Hypertension. Arch Med Res 2019;50:11–4.

211. Franke S, Muller L, Santos M, et al. Vitamin C intake reduces the cytotoxicity associated with hyperglycemia in prediabetes and type 2 diabetes. Biomed Res Int 2013;2013:896536.

212. Rahimi-Madiseh M, Malekpour-Tehrani A, Bahmani M, Rafieian-Kopaei M. The research and development on the antioxidants in prevention of diabetic complications. Asian Pac J Trop Med 2016;9:825–31.

213. May J. Ascorbic acid repletion: A possible therapy for diabetic macular edema? Free Radic Biol Med 2016;94:47–54.

214. Kundu D, Mandal T, Nandi M, et al. Oxidative stress in diabetic patients with retinopathy. Ann Afr Med 2014;13:41–6.

215. Park S, Ghim W, Oh S, et al. Association of vitreous vitamin C depletion with diabetic macular ischemia in proliferative diabetic retinopathy. PLoS One 2019;14:e0218433.

216. Moshetova L, Vorob'eva I, Alekseev I, Mikhaleva L. Results of the use of antioxidant and angioprotective agents in type 2 diabetes patients with diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration. Vestn Oftalmol. 2015;131:34–44. [in Russian]

217. Cho J, Ahn S, Yim J, et al. Influence of Vitamin C and Maltose on the Accuracy of Three Models of Glucose Meters. Ann Lab Med 2016;36:271–4.

218. Grammatiki M, Karras S, Kotsa K. The role of vitamin D in the pathogenesis and treatment of diabetes mellitus: a narrative review. Hormones (Athens) 2019;18:37–48.

219. Leung P. The Potential Protective Action of Vitamin D in Hepatic Insulin Resistance and Pancreatic Islet Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Nutrients 2016;8:147.

220. Sacerdote A, Dave P, Lokshin V, Bahtiyar G. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Insulin Resistance, and Vitamin D. Curr Diab Rep 2019;19:101.

221. Rafiq S, Jeppesen P. Is Hypovitaminosis D Related to Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes and High Fasting Glucose Level in Healthy Subjects: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies. Nutrients 2018;10.

222. Li X, Liu Y, Zheng Y, et al. The Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2018;10.

223. Wu C, Qiu S, Zhu X, Li L. Vitamin D supplementation and glycemic control in type 2 diabetes patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Metabolism 2017;73:67–76.

224. Lee C, Iyer G, Liu Y, et al. The effect of vitamin D supplementation on glucose metabolism in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis of intervention studies. J Diabetes Complications 2017;31:1115–26.

225. Mirhosseini N, Vatanparast H, Mazidi M, Kimball S. The Effect of Improved Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Status on Glycemic Control in Diabetic Patients: A Meta-Analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017;102:3097–110.

226. Alam U, Arul-Devah V, Javed S, Malik R. Vitamin D and Diabetic Complications: True or False Prophet? Diabetes Ther 2016;7:11–26.

227. Zhao T, Huang Q, Su Y, et al. Zinc and its regulators in pancreas. Inflammopharmacology 2019;27:453–64.

228. Naik S, Ramanand S, Ramanand J. A Medley Correlation of Serum Zinc with Glycemic Parameters in T2DM Patients. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2019;23:188–92.

229. Ruz M, Carrasco F, Rojas P, et al. Nutritional Effects of Zinc on Metabolic Syndrome and Type 2 Diabetes: Mechanisms and Main Findings in Human Studies. Biol Trace Elem Res 2019;188:177–88.

230. Ranasinghe P, Wathurapatha W, Galappatthy P, et al. Zinc supplementation in prediabetes: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Diabetes 2018;10:386–97.

231. Fernández-Cao J, Warthon-Medina M, H Moran V, et al. Zinc Intake and Status and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2019;11.

232. Khan M, Siddique K, Ashfaq F, et al. Effect of high-dose zinc supplementation with oral hypoglycemic agents on glycemic control and inflammation in type-2 diabetic nephropathy patients. J Nat Sci Biol Med 2013;4:336–40.

233. Hussain S, Khadim H, Khalaf B, et al. Effects of melatonin and zinc on glycemic control in type 2 diabetic patients poorly controlled with metformin. Saudi Med J 2006;27:1483–8.

234. Kadhim H, Ismail S, Hussein K, et al. Effects of melatonin and zinc on lipid profile and renal function in type 2 diabetic patients poorly controlled with metformin. J Pineal Res 2006;41:189–93.

235. Udani J, Singh B, Singh V, et al. Effects of Acai (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) berry preparation on metabolic parameters in a healthy overweight population: a pilot study. Nutr J 2011;10:45.

236. de Bem G, Costa C, Santos I, et al. Antidiabetic effect of Euterpe oleracea Mart. (acai) extract and exercise training on high-fat diet and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats: A positive interaction. PLoS One 2018;13:e0199207.

237. de Bem G, da Costa C, da Silva Cristino Cordeiro V, et al. Euterpe oleracea Mart. (acai) seed extract associated with exercise training reduces hepatic steatosis in type 2 diabetic male rats. J Nutr Biochem 2018;52:70–81.

238. Liu D, Gao H, Tang W, Nie S. Plant non-starch polysaccharides that inhibit key enzymes linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2017;1401:28–36.

239. Tiwari A. Revisiting "Vegetables" to combat modern epidemic of imbalanced glucose homeostasis. Pharmacogn Mag 2014;10:S207–13.

240. Wang H, Liu T, Huang D. Starch hydrolase inhibitors from edible plants. Adv Food Nutr Res 2013;70:103–36.

241. Thompson S, Winham D, Hutchins A. Bean and rice meals reduce postprandial glycemic response in adults with type 2 diabetes: a cross-over study. Nutr J 2012;11:23.

242. Barrett M, Udani J. A proprietary alpha-amylase inhibitor from white bean (Phaseolus vulgaris): a review of clinical studies on weight loss and glycemic control. Nutr J 2011;10:24.

243. Reis C, Dorea J, da Costa T. Effects of coffee consumption on glucose metabolism: A systematic review of clinical trials. J Tradit Complement Med 2019;9:184–91.

244. Rebelo I, Casal S. Coffee: A Dietary Intervention on Type 2 Diabetes? Curr Med Chem 2017;24:376–83.

245. Tunnicliffe J, Shearer J. Coffee, glucose homeostasis, and insulin resistance: physiological mechanisms and mediators. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2008;33:1290–300.

246. Henry-Vitrac C, Ibarra A, Roller M. Contribution of chlorogenic acids to the inhibition of human hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase activity in vitro by Svetol, a standardized decaffeinated green coffee extract. J Agric Food Chem 2010;58:4141–4.

247. Ho L, Varghese M, Wang J, et al. Dietary supplementation with decaffeinated green coffee improves diet-induced insulin resistance and brain energy metabolism in mice. Nutr Neurosci 2012;15:37–45.

248. Thom E. The effect of chlorogenic acid enriched coffee on glucose absorption in healthy volunteers and its effect on body mass when used long-term in overweight and obese people J Int Med Res 2007;35:900–8.

249. Omran O. Histopathological study of evening primrose oil effects on experimental diabetic neuropathy. Ultrastruct Pathol 2012;36:222–7.

250. Kim D, Yoo T, Lee S, et al. Gamma linolenic acid exerts anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects in diabetic nephropathy. Yonsei Med J 2012;53:1165–75.

251. Head R, McLennan P, Raederstorff D, et al. Prevention of nerve conduction deficit in diabetic rats by polyunsaturated fatty acids. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71:386s–92s.

252. Jamal G, Carmichael H. The effect of gamma-linolenic acid on human diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Diabet Med 1990;7:319–23.

253. Dyer O. GMC accuses doctor of research fraud. BMJ 2003;326:616.

254. Telle-Hansen V, Gaundal L, Myhrstad M. Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes. Nutrients 2019;11.

255. Abbott K, Burrows T, Thota R, et al. Do omega-3 PUFAs affect insulin resistance in a sex-specific manner? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr 2016;104:1470–84.

256. O'Mahoney L, Matu J, Price O, et al. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids favorably modulate cardiometabolic biomarkers in type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis and meta-regression of randomized controlled trials. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2018;17:98.

257. Gao H, Geng T, Huang T, Zhao Q. Fish oil supplementation and insulin sensitivity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lipids Health Dis 2017;16:131.

258. He M, Shi B. Gut microbiota as a potential target of metabolic syndrome: the role of probiotics and prebiotics. Cell Biosci 2017;7:54.

259. Colantonio A, Werner S, Brown M. The Effects of Prebiotics and Substances with Prebiotic Properties on Metabolic and Inflammatory Biomarkers in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review. J Acad Nutr Diet 2019.

260. Mahboobi S, Rahimi F, Jafarnejad S. Effects of Prebiotic and Synbiotic Supplementation on Glycaemia and Lipid Profile in Type 2 Diabetes: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Adv Pharm Bull 2018;8:565–74.

261. Kudolo G, Wang W, Javors M, Blodgett J. The effect of the ingestion of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) on the pharmacokinetics of metformin in non-diabetic and type 2 diabetic subjects--a double blind placebo-controlled, crossover study. Clin Nutr 2006;25:606–16.

262. Aziz T, Hussain S, Mahwi T, et al. The efficacy and safety of Ginkgo biloba extract as an adjuvant in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients ineffectively managed with metformin: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Drug Des Devel Ther 2018;12:735–42.

263. Lu J, He H. Clinical observation of Gingko biloba extract injection in treating early diabetic nephropathy. Chin J Integr Med 2005;11:226–8. [in Chinese]

264. Huang S, Jeng C, Kao S, et al. Improved haemorrheological properties by Ginkgo biloba extract (Egb 761) in type 2 diabetes mellitus complicated with retinopathy. Clin Nutr 2004;23:615–21.

265. Zhao Y, Yu J, Liu J, An X. The Role of Liuwei Dihuang Pills and Ginkgo Leaf Tablets in Treating Diabetic Complications. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2016;2016:7931314.

266. da Silva G, Zanoni J, Buttow N. Neuroprotective action of Ginkgo biloba on the enteric nervous system of diabetic rats. World J Gastroenterol 2011;17:898–905.

267. Taliyan R, Sharma P. Protective effect and potential mechanism of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 on STZ-induced neuropathic pain in rats. Phytother Res 2012;26:1823–9.

268. Zhang H, Wei J, Xue R, et al. Berberine lowers blood glucose in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients through increasing insulin receptor expression. Metabolism 2010;59:285-92

269. Giacoman-Martinez A, Alarcon-Aguilar FJ Zamilpa A, et al. Triterpenoids from Hibiscus sabdariffa L. with PPARdelta/gamma Dual Agonist Action: In Vivo, In Vitro and In Silico Studies. Planta Med 2019;85:412–23.

270. Huang C, Wang C, Yang Y, et al. Hibiscus sabdariffa polyphenols prevent palmitate-induced renal epithelial mesenchymal transition by alleviating dipeptidyl peptidase-4-mediated insulin resistance. Food Funct 2016;7:475–82.

271. Peng C, Yang Y, Chan K, et al. Hibiscus sabdariffa polyphenols alleviate insulin resistance and renal epithelial to mesenchymal transition: a novel action mechanism mediated by type 4 dipeptidyl peptidase. J Agric Food Chem 2014;62:9736–43.

272. Ademiluyi A, Oboh G. Aqueous extracts of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn.) varieties inhibit alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase activities in vitro. J Med Food 2013;16:88–93.

273. Peng C, Chyau C, Chan K, et al. Hibiscus sabdariffa polyphenolic extract inhibits hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and glycation-oxidative stress while improving insulin resistance. J Agric Food Chem 2011;59:9901–9.

274. Mozaffari-Khosravi H, Jalali-Khanabadi B, Afkhami-Ardekani M, Fatehi F. Effects of sour tea (Hibiscus sabdariffa) on lipid profile and lipoproteins in patients with type II diabetes. J Altern Complement Med 2009;15:899–903.

275. Mozaffari-Khosravi H, Ahadi Z, Barzegar K. The effect of green tea and sour tea on blood pressure of patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized clinical trial. J Diet Suppl 2013;10:105–15.

276. Mozaffari-Khosravi H, Jalali-Khanabadi B, Afkhami-Ardekani M, et al. The effects of sour tea (Hibiscus sabdariffa) on hypertension in patients with type II diabetes. J Hum Hypertens 2009;23:48–54.

277. Croze M, Soulage C. Potential role and therapeutic interests of myo-inositol in metabolic diseases. Biochimie 2013;95:1811–27.

278. Chukwuma C, Ibrahim M, Islam M. Myo-inositol inhibits intestinal glucose absorption and promotes muscle glucose uptake: a dual approach study. J Physiol Biochem 2016;72:791–801.

279. Gao Y, Zhang M, Wang T, et al. Hypoglycemic effect of D-chiro-inositol in type 2 diabetes mellitus rats through the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016;433:26–34.

280. Pintaudi B, Di Vieste G, Bonomo M. The Effectiveness of Myo-Inositol and D-Chiro Inositol Treatment in Type 2 Diabetes. Int J Endocrinol 2016;2016:9132052.

281. Unfer V, Nestler J, Kamenov Z, et al. Effects of Inositol(s) in Women with PCOS: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. Int J Endocrinol 2016;2016:1849162.

282. Genazzani A. Inositol as putative integrative treatment for PCOS. Reprod Biomed Online 2016;33:770–80.

283. Li L, Yang X. The Essential Element Manganese, Oxidative Stress, and Metabolic Diseases: Links and Interactions. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2018;2018:7580707.

284. Shan Z, Chen S, Sun T, et al. U-Shaped Association between Plasma Manganese Levels and Type 2 Diabetes. Environ Health Perspect 2016;124:1876–81.

285. Burlet E, Jain S. Manganese supplementation increases adiponectin and lowers ICAM-1 and creatinine blood levels in Zucker type 2 diabetic rats, and downregulates ICAM-1 by upregulating adiponectin multimerization protein (DsbA-L) in endothelial cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2017;429:1–10.

286. Burlet E, Jain S. Manganese supplementation reduces high glucose-induced monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells and endothelial dysfunction in Zucker diabetic fatty rats. J Biol Chem 2013;288:6409–16.

287. Eckel R, Hanson A, Chen A, et al. Dietary substitution of medium-chain triglycerides improves insulin-mediated glucose metabolism in NIDDM subjects. Diabetes 1992;41:641–7.

288. Yost T, Erskine J, Gregg T, et al. Dietary substitution of medium chain triglycerides in subjects with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in an ambulatory setting: impact on glycemic control and insulin-mediated glucose metabolism. J Am Coll Nutr 1994;13:615–22.

289. Han J, Deng B, Sun J, et al. Effects of dietary medium-chain triglyceride on weight loss and insulin sensitivity in a group of moderately overweight free-living type 2 diabetic Chinese subjects. Metabolism 2007;56:985–91.

290. Aldawsari H, Hanafy A, Labib G, Badr J. Antihyperglycemic activities of extracts of the mistletoes Plicosepalus acaciae and P. curviflorus in comparison to their solid lipid nanoparticle suspension formulations. Z Naturforsch C 2014;69:391–8.

291. Abdallah H, Farag M, Abdel-Naim A, et al. Mechanistic Evidence of Viscum schimperi (Viscaceae) Antihyperglycemic Activity: From a Bioactivity-guided Approach to Comprehensive Metabolite Profiling. Phytother Res 2015;29:1737–43.

292. Ko B, Kang S, Moon B, et al. A 70% Ethanol Extract of Mistletoe Rich in Betulin, Betulinic Acid, and Oleanolic Acid Potentiated beta-Cell Function and Mass and Enhanced Hepatic Insulin Sensitivity. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2016;2016:7836823.

293. Tang Y, Choi E, Han W, et al. Moringa oleifera from Cambodia Ameliorates Oxidative Stress, Hyperglycemia, and Kidney Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetic Mice. J Med Food 2017;20:502–10.

294. Waterman C, Rojas-Silva P, Tumer T, et al. Isothiocyanate-rich Moringa oleifera extract reduces weight gain, insulin resistance, and hepatic gluconeogenesis in mice. Mol Nutr Food Res 2015;59:1013–24.

295. Azad S, Ansari P, Azam S, et al. Anti-hyperglycaemic activity of Moringa oleifera is partly mediated by carbohydrase inhibition and glucose-fibre binding. Biosci Rep 2017;37.

296. Khan W, Parveen R, Chester K, et al. Hypoglycemic Potential of Aqueous Extract of Moringa oleifera Leaf and In Vivo GC-MS Metabolomics. Front Pharmacol 2017;8:577.

297. Anthanont P, Lumlerdkij N, Akarasereenont P, et al. Moringa Oleifera Leaf Increases Insulin Secretion after Single Dose Administration: A Preliminary Study in Healthy Subjects. J Med Assoc Thai 2016;99:308–13.

298. Taweerutchana R, Lumlerdkij N, Vannasaeng S, et al. Effect of Moringa oleifera Leaf Capsules on Glycemic Control in Therapy-Naive Type 2 Diabetes Patients: A Randomized Placebo Controlled Study. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2017;2017:6581390.

299. Wainstein J, Ganz T, Boaz M, et al. Olive leaf extract as a hypoglycemic agent in both human diabetic subjects and in rats. J Med Food 2012;15:605–10.

300. Florentin M, Liberopoulos E, Elisaf M, Tsimihodimos V. No effect of fenugreek, bergamot and olive leaf extract on glucose homeostasis in patients with prediabetes: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. Arch Med Sci Atheroscler Dis 2019;4:e162-e166.

301. Araki R, Fujie K, Yuine N, et al. Olive leaf tea is beneficial for lipid metabolism in adults with prediabetes: an exploratory randomized controlled trial. Nutr Res 2019;67:60–6.

302. de Bock M, Derraik J, Brennan C, et al. Olive (Olea europaea L.) leaf polyphenols improve insulin sensitivity in middle-aged overweight men: a randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. PLoS One 2013;8:e57622.

303. Yao Z, Gu Y, Zhang Q, et al. Estimated daily quercetin intake and association with the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Chinese adults. Eur J Nutr 2019;58:819–30.

304. Chen S, Jiang H, Wu X, Fang J. Therapeutic Effects of Quercetin on Inflammation, Obesity, and Type 2 Diabetes. Mediators Inflamm 2016;2016:9340637.

305. Peng J, Li Q, Li K, et al. Quercetin Improves Glucose and Lipid Metabolism of Diabetic Rats: Involvement of Akt Signaling and SIRT1. J Diabetes Res 2017;2017:3417306.

306. Gaballah H, Zakaria S, Mwafy S, et al. Mechanistic insights into the effects of quercetin and/or GLP-1 analogue liraglutide on high-fat diet/streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetes in rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2017;92:331–9.

307. Valensi P, Le Devehat C, Richard J, et al. A multicenter, double-blind, safety study of QR-333 for the treatment of symptomatic diabetic peripheral neuropathy. A preliminary report. J Diabetes Complications 2005;19:247–53.

308. Yang Z, Wu F, He Y, et al. A novel PTP1B inhibitor extracted from Ganoderma lucidum ameliorates insulin resistance by regulating IRS1-GLUT4 cascades in the insulin signaling pathway. Food Funct 2018;9:397–406.

309. Yang Z, Chen C, Zhao J, et al. Hypoglycemic mechanism of a novel proteoglycan, extracted from Ganoderma lucidum, in hepatocytes. Eur J Pharmacol 2018;820:77–85.

310. Xiao C, Wu Q, Xie Y, et al. Hypoglycemic mechanisms of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides F31 in db/db mice via RNA-seq and iTRAQ. Food Funct 2018;9:6495–507.

311. Wang F, Zhou Z, Ren X, et al. Effect of Ganoderma lucidum spores intervention on glucose and lipid metabolism gene expression profiles in type 2 diabetic rats. Lipids Health Dis 2015;14:49.

312. Klupp N, Kiat H, Bensoussan A, et al. A double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial of Ganoderma lucidum for the treatment of cardiovascular risk factors of metabolic syndrome. Sci Rep 2016;6:29540.

313. Ribeiro R, Bonfleur M, Batista T, et al. Regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism by the pancreatic and extra-pancreatic actions of taurine. Amino Acids 2018;50:1511–24.

314. Sak D, Erdenen F, Muderrisoglu C, et al. The Relationship between Plasma Taurine Levels and Diabetic Complications in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Biomolecules 2019;9.

315. Sarkar P, Basak P, Ghosh S, et al. Prophylactic role of taurine and its derivatives against diabetes mellitus and its related complications. Food Chem Toxicol 2017;110:109–21.

316. Zheng Y, Ceglarek U, Huang T, et al. Plasma Taurine, Diabetes Genetic Predisposition, and Changes of Insulin Sensitivity in Response to Weight-Loss Diets. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016;101:3820–6.

317. Cohen N, Halberstam M, Shlimovich P, et al. Oral vanadyl sulfate improves hepatic and peripheral insulin sensitivity in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Clin Invest 1995;95:2501–9.

318. Boden G, Chen X, Ruiz J, et al. Effects of vanadyl sulfate on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Metabolism 1996;45:1130–5.

319. Cusi K, Cukier S, DeFronzo R, et al. Vanadyl sulfate improves hepatic and muscle insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86:1410–7.

320. Halberstam M, Cohen N, Schlimovich P, et al. Oral vanadyl sulfate improves insulin sensitivity in NIDDM but not in obese nondiabetic subjects. Diabetes 1996;45:659–66.

321. Goldfine A, Patti M, Zuberi L, et al. Metabolic effects of vanadyl sulfate in humans with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: in vivo and in vitro studies. Metabolism 2000;49:400–10.

322. Thompson K, Lichter J, LeBel C, et al. Vanadium treatment of type 2 diabetes: a view to the future. J Inorg Biochem 2009;103:554–8.

323. Linder K, Willmann C, Kantartzis K, et al. Dietary Niacin Intake Predicts the Decrease of Liver Fat Content During a Lifestyle Intervention. Sci Rep 2019;9:1303.

324. Collins P, Sattar N. Glycaemic Effects of Non-statin Lipid-Lowering Therapies. Curr Cardiol Rep 2016;18:133.

325. Fangmann D, Theismann E, Turk K, et al. Targeted Microbiome Intervention by Microencapsulated Delayed-Release Niacin Beneficially Affects Insulin Sensitivity in Humans. Diabetes Care 2018;41:398–405.

326. Klein G, Stefanuto A, Boaventura B, et al. Mate tea (Ilex paraguariensis) improves glycemic and lipid profiles of type 2 diabetes and pre-diabetes individuals: a pilot study. J Am Coll Nutr 2011;30:320–32.

327. Chen C, Liu J, Sun M, et al. Acupuncture for type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2019;36:100–12.

328. Firouzjaei A, Li G, Wang N, et al. Comparative evaluation of the therapeutic effect of metformin monotherapy with metformin and acupuncture combined therapy on weight loss and insulin sensitivity in diabetic patients. Nutr Diabetes 2016;6:e209.

329. Ahn A, Bennani T, Freeman R, et al. Two styles of acupuncture for treating painful diabetic neuropathy—a pilot randomised control trial. Acupunct Med 2007;25:11–7.

330. Bailey A, Wingard D, Allison M, et al. Acupuncture Treatment of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy in an American Indian Community. J Acupunct Meridian Stud 2017;10:90–5.

331. Davison K, Temple N. Cereal fiber, fruit fiber, and type 2 diabetes: Explaining the paradox. J Diabetes Complications 2018;32:240–5.

332. Wang Y, Duan Y, Zhu L, et al. Whole grain and cereal fiber intake and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis. Int J Mol Epidemiol Genet 2019;10:38–46.

333. McRae M. Dietary Fiber Intake and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: An Umbrella Review of Meta-analyses. J Chiropr Med 2018;17:44–53.

334. Li X, Cai X, Ma X, et al. Short- and Long-Term Effects of Wholegrain Oat Intake on Weight Management and Glucolipid Metabolism in Overweight Type-2 Diabetics: A Randomized Control Trial. Nutrients 2016;8.

335. Jung C, Choi K. Impact of High-Carbohydrate Diet on Metabolic Parameters in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. Nutrients 2017;9.

336. Ajala O, English P, Pinkney J. Systematic review and meta-analysis of different dietary approaches to the management of type 2 diabetes. Am J Clin Nutr 2013;97:505–16.

337. Tosti V, Bertozzi B, Fontana L. Health Benefits of the Mediterranean Diet: Metabolic and Molecular Mechanisms. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2018;73:318–26.

338. Guasch-Ferre M, Merino J, Sun Q, et al. Dietary Polyphenols, Mediterranean Diet, Prediabetes, and Type 2 Diabetes: A Narrative Review of the Evidence. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2017;2017:6723931.

339. Esposito K, Maiorino M, Bellastella G, et al A journey into a Mediterranean diet and type 2 diabetes: a systematic review with meta-analyses. BMJ Open 2015;5:e008222.

340. Billingsley H, Carbone S. The antioxidant potential of the Mediterranean diet in patients at high cardiovascular risk: an in-depth review of the PREDIMED. Nutr Diabetes 2018;8:13.

341. Evert A, Dennison M, Gardner C, et al. Nutrition Therapy for Adults with Diabetes or Prediabetes: A Consensus Report. Diabetes Care 2019;42:731–54.

342. Powers M, Bardsley J, Cypress M, et al. Diabetes Self-management Education and Support in Type 2 Diabetes: A Joint Position Statement of the American Diabetes Association, the American Association of Diabetes Educators, and the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. Clin Diabetes 2016;34:70–80.

343. Alkhatib A, Tsang C, Tuomilehto J. Olive Oil Nutraceuticals in the Prevention and Management of Diabetes: From Molecules to Lifestyle. Int J Mol Sci 2018;19.

344. Schwingshackl L, Lampousi A, Portillo M, et al. Olive oil in the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies and intervention trials. Nutr Diabetes 2017;7:e262.

345. Foscolou A, Critselis E, Panagiotakos D. Olive oil consumption and human health: A narrative review. Maturitas 2018;118:60–6.

346. Yubero-Serrano E, Lopez-Moreno J, Gomez-Delgado F, Lopez-Miranda J. Extra virgin olive oil: More than a healthy fat. Eur J Clin Nutr 2019;72:8–17.

347. Visioli F, Franco M, Toledo E, et al. Olive oil and prevention of chronic diseases: Summary of an International conference. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2018;28:649–56.

348. Namazi N, Brett N, Bellissimo N, et al. The association between types of seafood intake and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Health Promot Perspect 2019;9:164–73.

349. Sarmento R, Antonio J, de Miranda I, et al. Eating Patterns and Health Outcomes in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes. J Endocr Soc 2018;2:42–52.

350. Wallin A, Orsini N, Forouhi N, Wolk A. Fish consumption in relation to myocardial infarction, stroke and mortality among women and men with type 2 diabetes: A prospective cohort study. Clin Nutr 2018;37:590–6.

351. Chua J, Chia A, Chee M, et al. The relationship of dietary fish intake to diabetic retinopathy and retinal vascular caliber in patients with type 2 diabetes. Sci Rep 2018;8:730.

352. Kim H, Park S, Yang H, et al. Association between fish and shellfish, and omega-3 PUFAs intake and CVD risk factors in middle-aged female patients with type 2 diabetes. Nutr Res Pract 2015;9:496–502.

353. Kondo K, Morino K, Nishio Y, et al. A fish-based diet intervention improves endothelial function in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized crossover trial. Metabolism 2014;63:930–40.

354. Evert A, Dennison M, Gardner C, et al. Nutrition Therapy for Adults with Diabetes or Prediabetes: A Consensus Report. Diabetes Care 2019;42:731–54.

355. Added Sugars. American Heart Association [updated 2018 Apr 17]. Available from URL: https://www.heart.org/en/healthy-living/healthy-eating/eat-smart/sugar/added-sugars.

356. Remschmidt C, Wichmann O, Harder T. Vaccines for the prevention of seasonal influenza in patients with diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Med 2015;13:53.

357. van Werkhoven C, Huijts S. Vaccines to Prevent Pneumococcal Community-Acquired Pneumonia. Clin Chest Med 2018;39:733–52.

358. Meex R, Blaak E, van Loon L. Lipotoxicity plays a key role in the development of both insulin resistance and muscle atrophy in patients with type 2 diabetes. Obes Rev 2019;20:1205–17.

359. Longo M, Zatterale F, Naderi J, et al. Adipose Tissue Dysfunction as Determinant of Obesity-Associated Metabolic Complications. Int J Mol Sci 2019;20.

360. Grams J, Garvey W. Weight Loss and the Prevention and Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Using Lifestyle Therapy, Pharmacotherapy, and Bariatric Surgery: Mechanisms of Action. Curr Obes Rep 2015;4:287–302.

361. Luan X, Tian X, Zhang H, et al. Exercise as a prescription for patients with various diseases. J Sport Health Sci 2019;8:422–41.

362. Turner G, Quigg S, Davoren P, et al. Resources to Guide Exercise Specialists Managing Adults with Diabetes. Sports Med Open 2019;5:20.

363. Delevatti R, Bracht C, Lisboa S, et al. The Role of Aerobic Training Variables Progression on Glycemic Control of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: a Systematic Review with Meta-analysis. Sports Med Open 2019;5:22.

364. Bailey D, Hewson D, Champion R, Sayegh S. Sitting Time and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Am J Prev Med 2019;57:408–16.

365. Loh R, Stamatakis E, Folkerts D, et al. Effects of Interrupting Prolonged Sitting with Physical Activity Breaks on Blood Glucose, Insulin and Triacylglycerol Measures: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Sports Med 2019.

366. Li X, Yu F, Zhou Y, He J. Association between alcohol consumption and the risk of incident type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 2016;103:818–29.

367. Knott C, Bell S, Britton A. Alcohol Consumption and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-analysis of More Than 1.9 Million Individuals From 38 Observational Studies. Diabetes Care 2015;38:1804–12.

368. Hirst J, Aronson J, Feakins B, et al. Short- and medium-term effects of light to moderate alcohol intake on glycaemic control in diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Diabet Med 2017;34:604–11.

369. Gepner Y, Golan R, Harman-Boehm I, et al. Effects of Initiating Moderate Alcohol Intake on Cardiometabolic Risk in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes: A 2-Year Randomized, Controlled Trial. Ann Intern Med 2015;163:569–79.

370. Golan R, Shai I, Gepner Y, et al. Effect of wine on carotid atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetes: a 2-year randomized controlled trial. Eur J Clin Nutr 2018;72:871–8.

371. O'Keefe E, DiNicolantonio J, O'Keefe J, Lavie C. Alcohol and CV Health: Jekyll and Hyde J-Curves. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2018;61:68–75.

372. Tourkmani A, Alharbi T, Rsheed A, et al. Hypoglycemia in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients: A review article. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2018;12:791–4.

373. Ahren B. Avoiding hypoglycemia: a key to success for glucose-lowering therapy in type 2 diabetes. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2013;9:155–63.

374. Zhu P, Pan X, Sheng L, et al. Cigarette Smoking, Diabetes, and Diabetes Complications: Call for Urgent Action. Curr Diab Rep 2017;17:78.

375. Sliwinska-Mosson M, Milnerowicz H. The impact of smoking on the development of diabetes and its complications. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2017;14:265–76.

376. Worku D, Worku E. A narrative review evaluating the safety and efficacy of e-cigarettes as a newly marketed smoking cessation tool. SAGE Open Med 2019;7:2050312119871405.

377. Machry R, Rados D, Gregorio G, Rodrigues T. Self-monitoring blood glucose improves glycemic control in type 2 diabetes without intensive treatment: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2018;142:173–87.

378. Malanda U, Welschen L, Riphagen I, et al. Self-monitoring of blood glucose in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who are not using insulin. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012;1:Cd005060.

379. Wood A, O'Neal D, Furler J, Ekinci E. Continuous glucose monitoring: a review of the evidence, opportunities for future use and ongoing challenges. Intern Med J 2018;48:499–508.

380. Carlson A, Mullen D, Bergenstal R. Clinical Use of Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Technol Ther 2017;19:S4–11.

Copyright © 2025 TraceGains, Inc. All rights reserved.

Learn more about TraceGains, the company.

The information presented by TraceGains is for informational purposes only. It is based on scientific studies (human, animal, or in vitro), clinical experience, or traditional usage as cited in each article. The results reported may not necessarily occur in all individuals. Self-treatment is not recommended for life-threatening conditions that require medical treatment under a doctor's care. For many of the conditions discussed, treatment with prescription or over the counter medication is also available. Consult your doctor, practitioner, and/or pharmacist for any health problem and before using any supplements or before making any changes in prescribed medications. Information expires December 2025.