DNAcheat
Gene Cheat Sheet- alphabetical | ||||||||||||||||
GENE VARIATION | FUNCTION | NICKNAME / ANALOGY | SYNOPSIS | VARIATION SUMMARY | CLINICAL PEARLS | LABS TO CONSIDER | Mood and Behaviour | Immunity | Cardiovascular | Diet | Sleep | Hormone | Longevity | Ingredient & Technology Solutions (note: to achieve specific MOA or theoretical epigenetic influence but as opposed to gene influence) | Linked to other related “Problems” or Diagnosis | Notes |
1P21 A/A | Cardio protective | 1p21 is a chromosomal locus as opposed to a gene. Variations within this gene appear to provide a cardioprotective benefit to the body. Variations in 1p21 are associated with an increased risk of developing coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction. The 1p21 gene also plays a role in regulating the immune response which can contribute to the development of inflammatory conditions that can lead to heart disease. | This is the most common and normal profile and provides no additional cardioprotective benefits. | Epigenetic modifications of the 1p21 region have been linked to a number of different diseases and conditions, including cancer, autoimmune diseases, and neurological disorders. | *See 9P21and check: Lipid Profile: Assess cholesterol levels, especially LDL. C-Reactive Protein (CRP): Measure body inflammation. Cardiac Biomarkers: Check for signs of myocardial infarction (e.g., troponin levels). Complete Blood Count (CBC): Evaluate overall health and detect disorders. Autoimmune Panels: Identify markers of autoimmune diseases. Genetic Testing: Directly detect variations in the 1p21 region. Inflammatory Markers: Such as ESR to gauge inflammation. Homocysteine Levels: Related to cardiovascular disease risk. Urinalysis: Check kidney function and related diseases. |
See recommendations for 9p21 >4G | High Cholesterol, Cardiovascular disease risk | |||||||||
1P21 A/G | Cardio protective | 1p21 is a chromosomal locus as opposed to a gene. Variations within this gene appear to provide a cardioprotective benefit to the body. Variations in 1p21 are associated with an increased risk of developing coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction. The 1p21 gene also plays a role in regulating the immune response which can contribute to the development of inflammatory conditions that can lead to heart disease. | This profile is rare and considered beneficial to cardiovascular health an related to a significantly reduced risk of cardiovascular disease as well as lower LDL cholesterol levels | Epigenetic modifications of the 1p21 region have been linked to a number of different diseases and conditions, including cancer, autoimmune diseases, and neurological disorders. | ||||||||||||
1P21 G/G | Cardio protective | 1p21 is a chromosomal locus as opposed to a gene. Variations within this gene appear to provide a cardioprotective benefit to the body. Variations in 1p21 are associated with an increased risk of developing coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction. The 1p21 gene also plays a role in regulating the immune response which can contribute to the development of inflammatory conditions that can lead to heart disease. | This profile is rare and considered beneficial to cardiovascular health an related to a significantly reduced risk of cardiovascular disease as well as lower LDL cholesterol levels | Epigenetic modifications of the 1p21 region have been linked to a number of different diseases and conditions, including cancer, autoimmune diseases, and neurological disorders. | ||||||||||||
5HTTLPR S/S (SLC6A4) | Serotonin reuptake | The Emoji | The 5-HTTLPR is found within the gene that produces your receptor for serotonin – the feel good neurotransmitter chemical in your brain. The ability for special parts of your brain to bind and reabsorb serotonin – once it is secreted – determines the duration for which you are under its influence. Serotonin is widely thought to be involved in bringing about a sense of calm, and is associated with reducing anxiety. | Associated with decreased expression of the serotonin transporter with dysregulated serotonin secretion and re-uptake (potentially poor responder to SSRIs). In other words, an LS / SS ‘reduced reabsorption’ version of 5-HTTLPR gene suggests an increased risk of poor serotonin regulation. | This genotype is associated with a smaller amygdala and lower volume of grey matter in the limbic area – the center for control of emotions. These studies implicate a direct physiologic outcome of the S allele – reduced amygdala volume during embryonic brain development, with consequent reduced threshold for amygdala activation and overall increased amygdala activation with negative stimuli.
This variant is easily startled, irritable, and often experience a low mood as it is associated with exaggerated amygdala response to emotional queues, increased startle response, and an increased sensitivity to stress, particularly to chronic stressful life events and childhood maltreatment. During negative stimuli, S allele carriers (L/S and S/S genotypes) are associated with hyper-responsiveness in the amygdala and HPA axis, leading to an increase in behavioural and hormonal stress response S allele carriers are also associated with an increase caloric consumption in response to stress and increased risk in developing mood disorders, depressive symptoms, depression, and suicidal feelings compared to L/L genotypes S allele carriers are less likely to respond to SSRIs note: Tryptophan competes for absorption with phenylalanine, leucine and methionine for active transport into the blood and thus is subject to deficiency when diets are high in competitive amino acids. |
Serotonin Levels: Assess blood serotonin activity. Neurotransmitters/Tryptophan Levels: Measure blood levels due to its role as a serotonin precursor. 5-Hydroxyindoleacetate in Urine: Check serotonin turnover. RBC Omega-3 Levels: Evaluate potential mood disorders. Platelet Function Tests: Given serotonin’s role in clotting. Cortisol Levels: Understand the body’s stress response. Brain Imaging: Assess amygdala size and limbic grey matter volume. Gastrointestinal Function Tests: Examine potential gut-related issues. Sleep Studies: Investigate sleep patterns and disorders. Note: Availability tryptophan in serotonergic neurons determines their ability to sustain serotonin levels. Anything that increases serotonin turnover, such as increase neural activity or drugs that block synaptic re-uptake cause increase rate of 5-hydroxyindoleacetate formation and higher concentration of the catabolic product in urine Branded urinary neurotransmitter testing to consider: Neurotransmitters by Vibrant Wellness Neurotransmitters by ZRT Laboratory Comprehensive Neurotransmitter Profile – 24 hr by Doctors Data |
This individual may be more easily irritated and prone to anxiety.
Understand emotional triggers and create habits that either self-soothing during those moments or enable exit. Studies show that social interactions also influence serotonin levels. Spend more time with people who make you feel good in general Bright light exposure, exercise, and increased tryptophan intake have all been associated with relatively increased serotonin levels Psychotherapy or counseling may change behavior, thinking patterns, brain chemistry, and possibly even increase serotonin activity (by increasing serotonin receptors). Intense exercise resulting in fatigue increases the amount of tryptophan that can cross the blood-brain barrier (by decreasing BCAA levels in blood) resulting in increased serotonin production. Time spent outside and spending more time in the sun on a regular basis may be a healthy way to boost your serotonin levels. Yoga and meditation may help lift mood and improve the symptoms of depression. Massage therapy decreases cortisol and raises serotonin and dopamine |
Some research suggests that serotonin deficiency may be associated with suppression of the immune system. | Serotonin plays a major role in blood clotting because serotonin is stored in the blood’s platelets, where it acts as a signal to trigger the clotting process. A significant decrease in serotonin could theoretically impair blood clotting | The short allele of the 5HTTLPR gene is associated with a higher risk of overeating and weight gain, as well as a higher risk of binge-eating disorder. Individuals with the s/s genotype who have lower levels of serotonin in their brains, may make them more susceptible to stress and anxiety and may lead to overeating as a coping mechanism.
Tryptophan is the amino acid building block for serotonin. Tryptophan is not produced by the body, so it must be taken in through diet. Carbohydrate intake – acting via insulin secretion – has been reported to lead to increased tryptophan levels, and, therefore, increased serotonin production. Conversely, dietary protein seems to have the opposite effect Nearly 95% of serotonin is produced and stored in the gut. Intestinal peristalsis (the contraction of muscles in the gut) is what allows food and liquids to move through the digestive tract. Low serotonin production may have a potentially significant effect on gut function by altering the magnitude and length of muscle cell signals, as well as decrease the amount of calcium released from cells. This variant may be associated with certain gastrointestinal disorders, such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) especially when the symptoms involve constipation or difficulty passing stools. Preliminary research suggests low serotonin may cause cravings for salty food Some psychiatric research suggests that serotonin may be centrally involved in many of the behavioral and psychological symptoms associated with eating disorders, such as anorexia |
The short allele of the 5-HTTLPR gene is associated with altered sleep patterns. Studies have found that individuals with the short allele may have a higher risk of insomnia and other sleep-related disorders.
Regular physical activity can help improve sleep quality and regulate circadian rhythms. High levels of stress can contribute to insomnia and other sleep-related disorders. Stress management techniques such as meditation, yoga, and deep breathing can be helpful in reducing stress and promoting better sleep. Avoid caffeine and nicotine after 12 noon. Consuming these stimulants, especially close to bedtime, can make it harder to fall asleep and stay asleep. Stick to a consistent sleep schedule. Try to go to bed and wake up at the same time each day, even on weekends. Avoid screen time before bedtime as blue light emitted by electronic devices can suppress melatonin production and make it harder to fall asleep. Good sleep hygiene is crucial . This means creating an optimal sleep environment, such as a dark and quiet bedroom and comfortable bedding, can also help improve sleep. |
Research has suggested that the 5HTTLPR gene may be associated with variation in lifespan. Studies have found that individuals with the short allele of the 5HTTLPR gene may have a lower risk of mortality and a longer lifespan compared to individuals with the long allele. | Proposed MOA: Increase serotonin via available precursors Increase neurotransmitter exchange (cell membrane fluidity) Support neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity 5-Hydroxytryptophan: 5HTP is a naturally occurring amino acid used by the human body to make serotonin and something that can be taken in supplement form. 5HTP regulates mood, pain control, inflammation, and even intestinal peristalsis (important to the gut-brain connection). 5-HTP has been shown to provide relief in depression, migraine headaches, tension headaches and many symptoms of fibromyalgia including pain, morning stiffness, sleep disturbances, and anxiety. Omega3 Essential Fatty Acids: Low levels of omega-3 fatty acids, which are found in fish and other foods, may increase the risk of depression in people with the LS /SS variants of the 5-HTTLPR gene. Omega-3 fatty acids play a very important role during brain development, partly through their regulation of the serotonin system and a deficiency of which may result in decreased serotonin synthesis, storage, release, and receptor function St. John’s Wort: This herb is a popular natural remedy for depression and anxiety. Studies have suggested that it may increase serotonin levels in the brain. Tryptophan: Tryptophan is an amino acid that is a precursor to serotonin. Some studies have found that supplementing with tryptophan can increase serotonin levels and improve mood. Vitamin B6, B12, Vitamin C and Magnesium: These vitamins and mineral play a role in synthesizing serotonin and research suggests that supplementing with these nutrients may help in the production of serotonin. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive method of brain stimulation that involves delivering a low-level electrical current to the scalp. Some studies have suggested that tDCS may have the potential to increase serotonin levels in the brain |
Autism spectrum disorder ADHD Bipolar disorder Depression Anxiety OCD Schizophrenia Drug dependencies Cardiovascular diseases Fibromyalgia |
||
5HTTLPR L/S (SLC6A4) | Serotonin reuptake | The Emoji | The 5-HTTLPR is found within the gene that produces your receptor for serotonin – the feel good neurotransmitter chemical in your brain. The ability for special parts of your brain to bind and reabsorb serotonin – once it is secreted – determines the duration for which you are under its influence. Serotonin is widely thought to be involved in bringing about a sense of calm, and is associated with reducing anxiety. | Associated with decreased expression of the serotonin transporter with dysregulated serotonin secretion and re-uptake (potentially poor responder to SSRIs). In other words, an LS / SS ‘reduced reabsorption’ version of 5-HTTLPR gene suggests an increased risk of poor serotonin regulation. | This genotype is associated with a smaller amygdala and lower volume of grey matter in the limbic area – the center for control of emotions. These studies implicate a direct physiologic outcome of the S allele – reduced amygdala volume during embryonic brain development, with consequent reduced threshold for amygdala activation and overall increased amygdala activation with negative stimuli.
This variant is easily startled, irritable, and often experience a low mood as it is associated with exaggerated amygdala response to emotional queues, increased startle response, and an increased sensitivity to stress, particularly to chronic stressful life events and childhood maltreatment. During negative stimuli, S allele carriers (L/S and S/S genotypes) are associated with hyper-responsiveness in the amygdala and HPA axis, leading to an increase in behavioural and hormonal stress response S allele carriers are also associated with an increase caloric consumption in response to stress and increased risk in developing mood disorders, depressive symptoms, depression, and suicidal feelings compared to L/L genotypes S allele carriers are less likely to respond to SSRIs note: Tryptophan competes for absorption with phenylalanine, leucine and methionine for active transport into the blood and thus is subject to deficiency when diets are high in competitive amino acids. |
Serotonin Levels: Assess blood serotonin activity. Neurotransmitters/Tryptophan Levels: Measure blood levels due to its role as a serotonin precursor. 5-Hydroxyindoleacetate in Urine: Check serotonin turnover. RBC Omega-3 Levels: Evaluate potential mood disorders. Platelet Function Tests: Given serotonin’s role in clotting. Cortisol Levels: Understand the body’s stress response. Brain Imaging: Assess amygdala size and limbic grey matter volume. Gastrointestinal Function Tests: Examine potential gut-related issues. Sleep Studies: Investigate sleep patterns and disorders. Note: Availability tryptophan in serotonergic neurons determines their ability to sustain serotonin levels. Anything that increases serotonin turnover, such as increase neural activity or drugs that block synaptic re-uptake cause increase rate of 5-hydroxyindoleacetate formation and higher concentration of the catabolic product in urine Branded urinary neurotransmitter testing to consider: Neurotransmitters by Vibrant Wellness Neurotransmitters by ZRT Laboratory Comprehensive Neurotransmitter Profile – 24 hr by Doctors Data |
This individual may be more easily irritated and prone to anxiety.
Understand emotional triggers and create habits that either self-soothing during those moments or enable exit. Studies show that social interactions also influence serotonin levels. Spend more time with people who make you feel good in general Bright light exposure, exercise, and increased tryptophan intake have all been associated with relatively increased serotonin levels Psychotherapy or counseling may change behavior, thinking patterns, brain chemistry, and possibly even increase serotonin activity (by increasing serotonin receptors). Intense exercise resulting in fatigue increases the amount of tryptophan that can cross the blood-brain barrier (by decreasing BCAA levels in blood) resulting in increased serotonin production. Time spent outside and spending more time in the sun on a regular basis may be a healthy way to boost your serotonin levels. Yoga and meditation may help lift mood and improve the symptoms of depression. Massage therapy decreases cortisol and raises serotonin and dopamine |
Some research suggests that serotonin deficiency may be associated with suppression of the immune system. | Serotonin plays a major role in blood clotting because serotonin is stored in the blood’s platelets, where it acts as a signal to trigger the clotting process. A significant decrease in serotonin could theoretically impair blood clotting | The short allele of the 5HTTLPR gene is associated with a higher risk of overeating and weight gain, as well as a higher risk of binge-eating disorder. Individuals with the s/s genotype who have lower levels of serotonin in their brains, may make them more susceptible to stress and anxiety and may lead to overeating as a coping mechanism.
Tryptophan is the amino acid building block for serotonin. Tryptophan is not produced by the body, so it must be taken in through diet. Carbohydrate intake – acting via insulin secretion – has been reported to lead to increased tryptophan levels, and, therefore, increased serotonin production. Conversely, dietary protein seems to have the opposite effect Nearly 95% of serotonin is produced and stored in the gut. Intestinal peristalsis (the contraction of muscles in the gut) is what allows food and liquids to move through the digestive tract. Low serotonin production may have a potentially significant effect on gut function by altering the magnitude and length of muscle cell signals, as well as decrease the amount of calcium released from cells. This variant may be associated with certain gastrointestinal disorders, such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) especially when the symptoms involve constipation or difficulty passing stools. Preliminary research suggests low serotonin may cause cravings for salty food Some psychiatric research suggests that serotonin may be centrally involved in many of the behavioral and psychological symptoms associated with eating disorders, such as anorexia |
The short allele of the 5-HTTLPR gene is associated with altered sleep patterns. Studies have found that individuals with the short allele may have a higher risk of insomnia and other sleep-related disorders.
Regular physical activity can help improve sleep quality and regulate circadian rhythms. High levels of stress can contribute to insomnia and other sleep-related disorders. Stress management techniques such as meditation, yoga, and deep breathing can be helpful in reducing stress and promoting better sleep. Avoid caffeine and nicotine after 12 noon. Consuming these stimulants, especially close to bedtime, can make it harder to fall asleep and stay asleep. Stick to a consistent sleep schedule. Try to go to bed and wake up at the same time each day, even on weekends. Avoid screen time before bedtime as blue light emitted by electronic devices can suppress melatonin production and make it harder to fall asleep. Good sleep hygiene is crucial . This means creating an optimal sleep environment, such as a dark and quiet bedroom and comfortable bedding, can also help improve sleep. |
Research has suggested that the 5HTTLPR gene may be associated with variation in lifespan. Studies have found that individuals with the short allele of the 5HTTLPR gene may have a lower risk of mortality and a longer lifespan compared to individuals with the long allele. | Proposed MOA: Increase serotonin via available precursors Increase neurotransmitter exchange (cell membrane fluidity) Support neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity 5-Hydroxytryptophan: 5HTP is a naturally occurring amino acid used by the human body to make serotonin and something that can be taken in supplement form. 5HTP regulates mood, pain control, inflammation, and even intestinal peristalsis (important to the gut-brain connection). 5-HTP has been shown to provide relief in depression, migraine headaches, tension headaches and many symptoms of fibromyalgia including pain, morning stiffness, sleep disturbances, and anxiety. Omega3 Essential Fatty Acids: Low levels of omega-3 fatty acids, which are found in fish and other foods, may increase the risk of depression in people with the LS /SS variants of the 5-HTTLPR gene. Omega-3 fatty acids play a very important role during brain development, partly through their regulation of the serotonin system and a deficiency of which may result in decreased serotonin synthesis, storage, release, and receptor function St. John’s Wort: This herb is a popular natural remedy for depression and anxiety. Studies have suggested that it may increase serotonin levels in the brain. Tryptophan: Tryptophan is an amino acid that is a precursor to serotonin. Some studies have found that supplementing with tryptophan can increase serotonin levels and improve mood. Vitamin B6, B12, Vitamin C and Magnesium: These vitamins and mineral play a role in synthesizing serotonin and research suggests that supplementing with these nutrients may help in the production of serotonin. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive method of brain stimulation that involves delivering a low-level electrical current to the scalp. Some studies have suggested that tDCS may have the potential to increase serotonin levels in the brain |
Autism spectrum disorder ADHD Bipolar disorder Depression Anxiety OCD Schizophrenia Drug dependencies Cardiovascular diseases Fibromyalgia |
||
5HTTLPR L/L (SLC6A4) | Serotonin reuptake | The Emoji | The 5-HTTLPR is found within the gene that produces your receptor for serotonin – the feel good neurotransmitter chemical in your brain. The ability for special parts of your brain to bind and reabsorb serotonin – once it is secreted – determines the duration for which you are under its influence. Serotonin is widely thought to be involved in bringing about a sense of calm, and is associated with reducing anxiety. | LL Associated with optimal expression of the serotonin transporter with optimal serotonin secretion and re-uptake | This genotype is associated with a larger amygdala and larger volume of grey matter in the limbic area – the center for control of emotions. It is generally difficult to “rouse” or startle this patient and they are often less likely to be depressed | |||||||||||
9P21 <3G | Endothelial sensitivity | Pan Coating (Teflon) | 9p21 is a chromosomal locus (location on the chromosome) that has one of the strongest genetic associations to cardiovascular disease. Several SNP variations within this locus have been correlated with an increased risk of poor cardiovascular outcomes such as an ischemic stroke. the G variation within these SNPs is associated with an increased sensitivity of the endothelial lining, make it more prone to become inflamed in the presence of toxins. As we test 3 SNPs of the 9P21, the total possible number of G variations you can carry is 6G, since you get one allele from each of your parents. The more Gs you have, the greater your sensitivity and the more likely you will experience inflammation in your endothelium. | A ‘moderate’ (3G) or ‘reduced sensitivity’ (0-2G) version of the 9p21 locus infers that blood vessel endothelium have an averare or reduced sensitivity to inflammation and inflammatory toxins on the endothelial lining | ||||||||||||
9P21 >4G | Endothelial sensitivity | Pan Coating (Cast Iron) | 9p21 is a chromosomal locus (location on the chromosome) that has one of the strongest genetic associations to cardiovascular disease. Several SNP variations within this locus have been correlated with an increased risk of poor cardiovascular outcomes such as an ischemic stroke. the G variation within these SNPs is associated with an increased sensitivity of the endothelial lining, make it more prone to become inflamed in the presence of toxins. As we test 3 SNPs of the 9P21, the total possible number of G variations you can carry is 6G, since you get one allele from each of your parents. The more Gs you have, the greater your sensitivity and the more likely you will experience inflammation in your endothelium. | Associated with increased risk of coronary artery disease and ischemic stroke. A major risk factor for cardiovascular disease is the ease or tendency of the lining of your blood vessels to become inflamed. Contributing factors such as toxins and pollutants are dissolved in your blood and can do harm. A 9p21 result of 4G-6G is an ‘increased sensitivity’ version of the 9p21 locus, and blood vessels may be overly sensitive to inflammatory toxins such as the chemicals found in cigarette smoke. | be thourough with personal and family history of heart disease | Lipid Profile:
HDL Inflammatory and Oxidative Stress Markers: CRP-hs (High-sensitivity C-reactive protein) Endothelial Function and Atherosclerosis Indicators: LDL-P (Low-Density Lipoprotein Particle Number) Metabolic and Glycemic Control: HbA1c (Glycated Hemoglobin) Nutritional and Dietary Indicators: Omega-3 Index Cardiovascular Imaging and Assessments: Stress Test For Females: Recommended Branded cardiovascular health panels: Cardio Check by Genova Diagnostics (blood) CardiaX by Vibrant Wellness (additional genetic risk) (blood) CardioPro Advanced by Access Medical Laboratories CardioMetabolic Profile Doctor’s Data CardioPro Advanced Plus by Access Medical Laboratories |
Prioritize sleep. Sleep is demonstrated as vital to cardiovascular health and reduction of negative health outcomes like heart attack and stroke.
Extensive and intensive periods of physical activity and/or stress should be managed with increased care and rest. Consdider an Anti-inflammatory diet. Altering inflammation in the diet, such as minimizing high sugar, processed foods and prioritizing foods naturally rich in vitamins, antioxidants, and fiber, may help reduce the risk for cardiovascular disease |
Hormones play a role in the development of heart disease. Estrogen toxicity and poor clearance of 4- and 16OHE may contribute to inflammation of the endothelial lining. High levels of cortisol and low levels of estrogen in postmenopausal women have been linked to an increased risk of heart disease. Additionally, imbalances in thyroid hormones and testosterone can also increase the risk of heart disease. | Proposed MOAs: reduce endothelial inflammation reduce cardiovascular disease risk Omega-3 fatty acids: Omega-3 fatty acids, such as EPA and DHA, are found in fatty fish, flaxseeds, and walnuts, and have been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects, including reducing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and to positively influence the risk of heart disease Tocotrienols have a beneficial effect on heart health and may lower the risk of heart disease in individuals who have the genetic variation of >3G at 9p21. Ubiquinol: improvements in the function of blood vessels, leading to reduce blood pressure and improved blood flow. Polyphenols are a group of plant compounds that have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. They are found in a variety of fruits, vegetables, and herbs, including green tea, dark chocolate, and berries. Ginger has been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects and may help to reduce inflammation in the endothelium. Curcumin is a compound found in turmeric that has potent anti-inflammatory effects and may help to reduce inflammation in the endothelium. Vitamin D has been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects and may help to reduce inflammation in the endothelium. Youtrients Proprietary Formulas: Omega-3 Fish Oil with Vitamin D Capsules |
|||||||
ACE A/A | Blood Pressure “Salt” | The Garden Hose | The ACE gene is responsible for making an important enzyme involved in regulating your blood pressure which controls the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). RAAS is a critical regulator of blood volume and systemic vascular resistance. ACE converts inactive angiotensin I to the active angiotensin II. Angiotensin II stimulates vasoconstriction and sodium retention through the kidneys, inactivates the vasodilator bradykinin and subsequent release of nitric oxide.
The ability of blood pressure to stay in the normal range is a central component to optimal cardiovascular health and to overall health. One of the ways the body regulates blood pressure is through the continuous balance of sodium and water – a job that is primarily handled by the kidneys. ACE is sometimes called the “salt” gene because it plays a role in managing the way your body retains sodium and constricts your blood vessels. |
Associated with low / moderate acting RAAS system, with low ACE plasma levels and activity | Heart disease Psoriasis Kidney disease Stroke Alzheimer’s |
|||||||||||
ACE A/G | Blood Pressure “Salt” | The Garden Hose | The ACE gene is responsible for making an important enzyme involved in regulating your blood pressure which controls the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). RAAS is a critical regulator of blood volume and systemic vascular resistance. ACE converts inactive angiotensin I to the active angiotensin II. Angiotensin II stimulates vasoconstriction and sodium retention through the kidneys, inactivates the vasodilator bradykinin and subsequent release of nitric oxide.
The ability of blood pressure to stay in the normal range is a central component to optimal cardiovascular health and to overall health. One of the ways the body regulates blood pressure is through the continuous balance of sodium and water – a job that is primarily handled by the kidneys. ACE is sometimes called the “salt” gene because it plays a role in managing the way your body retains sodium and constricts your blood vessels. |
Associated with low / moderate acting RAAS system, with low ACE plasma levels and activity | Heart disease Psoriasis Kidney disease Stroke Alzheimer’s |
|||||||||||
ACE G/G | Blood Pressure “Salt” | The Garden Hose | The ACE gene is responsible for making an important enzyme involved in regulating your blood pressure which controls the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). RAAS is a critical regulator of blood volume and systemic vascular resistance. ACE converts inactive angiotensin I to the active angiotensin II. Angiotensin II stimulates vasoconstriction and sodium retention through the kidneys, inactivates the vasodilator bradykinin and subsequent release of nitric oxide.
The ability of blood pressure to stay in the normal range is a central component to optimal cardiovascular health and to overall health. One of the ways the body regulates blood pressure is through the continuous balance of sodium and water – a job that is primarily handled by the kidneys. ACE is sometimes called the “salt” gene because it plays a role in managing the way your body retains sodium and constricts your blood vessels. |
Associated with highest acting RAAS system, with increased ACE plasma levels and activity | Check for individual or family history of hypertension and kidney dysfunction.
May crave salty foods; blood pressure may rise in cold weather. For individuals of East or South Asian descent, this is considered the optimal profile due to a genetic phenomenon known as epistasis, where genes influence the outcomes of other genes depending on geographical and anthropological ancestry. |
RBC-mag Heavy Metals (esp Aluminum, Cadmium, and Lead) 8ohdg Renal function Electrolytes Glucose and lipid profile Comprehensive Metabolic Panel Hormone levels |
Physical activity and movement throughout the day including optimal time outside to increase baseline activity levels.
Incorporate mindfulness or meditation techniques. |
Identify and minimize sodium sources and reduce all packaged, processed, and restaurant foods.
Reduce caffeine, especially high-doses (for example, several coffees in a row or a high caffeine/stimulant energy drink). |
Heart disease Psoriasis Kidney disease Stroke Alzheimer’s |
|||||||
ADRA2B D/D | Epinephrine release | The Hamster Wheel / Pressure Valve | The ADRA2B gene produces the main receptor for your brain neurochemical called noradrenaline. The ability to bind and respond to noradrenaline is significantly associated with the fear and anxiety response. |
Associated with an increased risk of overly heightened fear and anxiety responses | This variant is likely to replay negative events and often feel anxious due to increased emotional memory and neural activity in the amygdala and are more sensitive to emotionally salient stimuli, show a stronger relation between subjective arousal and memory, experience greater emotional enhancement of memory, and are more likely to suffer from intrusive traumatic memories
The D allele carriers tend to have lower basal metabolic rates, which may contribute to the pathology of obesity Potentially poor responder to SNRI’s |
4pt Salivary Cortisol RBC-Mag Neurotransmitters |
Practice mindfulness or embodied meditation techniques
Create a playlist of music that can bring a sense of calm when things feel overwhelming Understand triggers (people, foods, situations) and create habits that either self-soothe during those moments or enable exit Consider “Heart Math” using an emWave or Inner Balance device |
High levels of stress can contribute to insomnia and other sleep-related disorders. Stress management techniques such as meditation, yoga, and deep breathing can be helpful in reducing stress and promoting better sleep.
Avoid caffeine and nicotine after 12 noon. Consuming these stimulants, especially close to bedtime, can make it harder to fall asleep and stay asleep. Stick to a consistent sleep schedule. Try to go to bed and wake up at the same time each day, even on weekends. Avoid screen time before bedtime as blue light emitted by electronic devices can suppress melatonin production and make it harder to fall asleep. Good sleep hygiene is crucial . This means creating an optimal sleep environment, such as a dark and quiet bedroom and comfortable bedding, can also help improve sleep. |
X | Proposed MOAs: Adaptogenic Modulate hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis Balance Autonomic Nervous system (ANS) Increase Alpha Brain Wave Ashwagandha is an adaptogenic herb that has been used in traditional Ayurvedic medicine to reduce stress and anxiety. Rhodiola may help to improve energy levels and cognitive function, reduce fatigue, and enhance physical performance Theanine increases Alpha brain wave activity and has a calming effect on the brain, which may help to reduce stress and improve sleep quality Valerian root is an herb that has been used for its calming effects and may help to reduce stress and anxiety. Passionflower is an herb that has been used for its calming effects and may help to reduce stress and anxiety. Magnesium is a mineral that has been shown to have a calming effect on the nervous system and may help to reduce stress and anxiety. Ginseng contains ginsenosides, which help fight fatigue and stress by supporting the adrenal glands – the glands that sit on top of your kidneys and control the stress response. Ginseng also helps the use of oxygen in your muscles during exercise. In individuals who are hypersensitive and equipped genetically with an enhanced memory of negative events, ginseng is the perfect herb to help balance out. Lavender essential oil has been used for its calming and relaxing effects and has been shown to have potential benefits for reducing stress and anxiety. HRV Device. HRV is an important indicator of the balance between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, and low HRV is associated with increased stress, anxiety, and other mental health conditions. On the other hand, high HRV is associated with improved resilience to stress and better mental health. Managing HRV involves techniques and practices that help to improve the balance between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, thereby reducing stress and improving mental health. Youtrients Proprietary Formulas: Deep Calm Optimizer |
Anxiety PTSD |
|||||
ADRA2B I/D | Epinephrine release | The Hamster Wheel / Pressure Valve | The ADRA2B gene produces the main receptor for your brain neurochemical called noradrenaline. The ability to bind and respond to noradrenaline is significantly associated with the fear and anxiety response. |
Associated with an increased risk of overly heightened fear and anxiety responses | This variant is likely to replay negative events and often feel anxious due to increased emotional memory and neural activity in the amygdala and are more sensitive to emotionally salient stimuli, show a stronger relation between subjective arousal and memory, experience greater emotional enhancement of memory, and are more likely to suffer from intrusive traumatic memories
The D allele carriers tend to have lower basal metabolic rates, which may contribute to the pathology of obesity Potentially poor responder to SNRI’s |
4pt Salivary Cortisol RBC-Mag Neurotransmitters |
Practice mindfulness or embodied meditation techniques
Create a playlist of music that can bring a sense of calm when things feel overwhelming Understand triggers (people, foods, situations) and create habits that either self-soothe during those moments or enable exit Consider “Heart Math” using an emWave or Inner Balance device |
High levels of stress can contribute to insomnia and other sleep-related disorders. Stress management techniques such as meditation, yoga, and deep breathing can be helpful in reducing stress and promoting better sleep.
Avoid caffeine and nicotine after 12 noon. Consuming these stimulants, especially close to bedtime, can make it harder to fall asleep and stay asleep. Stick to a consistent sleep schedule. Try to go to bed and wake up at the same time each day, even on weekends. Avoid screen time before bedtime as blue light emitted by electronic devices can suppress melatonin production and make it harder to fall asleep. Good sleep hygiene is crucial . This means creating an optimal sleep environment, such as a dark and quiet bedroom and comfortable bedding, can also help improve sleep. |
X | Proposed MOAs: Adaptogenic Modulate hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis Balance Autonomic Nervous system (ANS) Increase Alpha Brain Wave Ashwagandha is an adaptogenic herb that has been used in traditional Ayurvedic medicine to reduce stress and anxiety. Rhodiola may help to improve energy levels and cognitive function, reduce fatigue, and enhance physical performance Theanine increases Alpha brain wave activity and has a calming effect on the brain, which may help to reduce stress and improve sleep quality Valerian root is an herb that has been used for its calming effects and may help to reduce stress and anxiety. Passionflower is an herb that has been used for its calming effects and may help to reduce stress and anxiety. Magnesium is a mineral that has been shown to have a calming effect on the nervous system and may help to reduce stress and anxiety. Ginseng contains ginsenosides, which help fight fatigue and stress by supporting the adrenal glands – the glands that sit on top of your kidneys and control the stress response. Ginseng also helps the use of oxygen in your muscles during exercise. In individuals who are hypersensitive and equipped genetically with an enhanced memory of negative events, ginseng is the perfect herb to help balance out. Lavender essential oil has been used for its calming and relaxing effects and has been shown to have potential benefits for reducing stress and anxiety. HRV Device. HRV is an important indicator of the balance between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, and low HRV is associated with increased stress, anxiety, and other mental health conditions. On the other hand, high HRV is associated with improved resilience to stress and better mental health. Managing HRV involves techniques and practices that help to improve the balance between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, thereby reducing stress and improving mental health. Youtrients Proprietary Formulas: Deep Calm Optimizer |
Anxiety PTSD |
|||||
ADRA2B I/I | Epinephrine release | The Hamster Wheel / Pressure Valve | The ADRA2B gene produces the main receptor for your brain neurochemical called noradrenaline. The ability to bind and respond to noradrenaline is significantly associated with the fear and anxiety response. |
Associated with an decreased fear and anxiety responses | This variant is less sensitive to emotionally salient stimuli, has a weaker relation between subjective arousal and memory, and is less likely to suffer from intrusive traumatic memories | Anxiety PTSD |
||||||||||
AMY1 A/A | Starch digestion | The AMY1 gene produces the enzyme in your saliva known as amylase, which breaks down starchy, complex carbohydrates into simple sugars, and is also known to influence taste perception. Variations in this gene can influence the ability to metabolize and store starch-based carbohydrates, which in turn influences the likelihood of gaining weight on a diet high in starches. Examples include pasta, bread, rice and potatoes | Poor starch metabolism. Increased association between starch consumption and weight gain | There is often a family history of Type 2 diabetes
The individuals with this variant often craves sugar and carbohydrate rich foods and experience a dramatic energy ‘crash’ after eating a high carbohydrate meal |
Hemoglobin A1c Fasting Glucose Fasting Insulin IGF-1 Salivary amylase (normal range is 11 – 83 U/L Mitochondrial function note: salivary amylase is different than pancreatic amylase where the normal range for pancreatic amylase is 10 – 53 U/L |
Consider 3 meals daily vs. grazing.
Be mindful and address late night eating habits. Optimize sleep. Ensure optimal fiber is present at every meal for optimal blood sugar regulation and increase satiety. Avoid buffets and All-You-Can-Eat restaurants. For fast eaters, practice mindful eating habits and slow down chewing between bites. |
Proposed MOA’s: Starch blocker Glycemic control Insulin sensitivity “Phase2” Phaseolus vulgaris extract (white kidney bean extract) is a supplement derived from the white kidney bean plant that has a starch blocking effect. When taken before a meal, the alpha-amylase inhibitor in Phaseolus vulgaris extract binds to the alpha-amylase enzyme in the digestive system, blocking its ability to break down starches into simple sugars. As a result, the starches pass through the digestive system without being fully broken down and absorbed, leading to fewer calories being absorbed and potentially leading to weight loss. Chromium picolinate may enhance the effectiveness of insulin leading to improved insulin sensitivity and better control of blood sugar levels by increasing the activity of enzymes involved in glucose metabolism, such as glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT-4). This leads to an improvement in glucose uptake into cells and a reduction in the amount of glucose in the bloodstream. Chromium picolinate may also reduce glucose production in the liver by suppressing the activity of gluconeogenic enzymes, which are involved in glucose synthesis. Cinnamon has been shown to enhance insulin sensitivity and improve glucose uptake into cells, leading to lower levels of glucose in the bloodstream, regulate glucose metabolism by slowing the breakdown of carbohydrates into simple sugars, reducing the rapid spike in blood sugar levels after a meal, and may stimulate insulin secretion from the pancreas, which helps regulate blood sugar levels. Cinnamon has also been shown to inhibit glucose absorption in the gut, reducing the amount of glucose that enters the bloodstream. Alpha Lipoic Acid (ALA) may regulate glucose metabolism by increasing glucose uptake into cells and decreasing glucose production in the liver and has potent antioxidant properties that protect against oxidative stress and inflammation, which can contribute to insulin resistance and high blood sugar levels. Continuous Glucose Monitor (CGM) measures glucose levels in real-time, providing frequent and accurate glucose readings throughout the day and night. CGM’s provide real-time glucose readings and can alert people with diabetes to low glucose levels, helping to prevent hypoglycemic episodes. For diabetics and non-diabetics alike, CGMs can help achieve better HbA1c levels, which are an average measure of glucose control over the past 2-3 months. Youtrients Proprietary Formulas: Blood Sugar Optimizer |
|||||||||
AMY1 A/T | Starch digestion | The AMY1 gene produces the enzyme in your saliva known as amylase, which breaks down starchy, complex carbohydrates into simple sugars, and is also known to influence taste perception. Variations in this gene can influence the ability to metabolize and store starch-based carbohydrates, which in turn influences the likelihood of gaining weight on a diet high in starches. Examples include pasta, bread, rice and potatoes | Moderate starch metabolism. Some association between starch consumption and weight gain | There is occasionally a family history of Type 2 diabetes
The individuals with this variant can express increased cravings for sugar and carbohydrate rich foods |
Hemoglobin A1c Fasting Glucose Fasting Insulin IGF-1 Salivary amylase (normal range is 11 – 83 U/L Mitochondrial function note: salivary amylase is different than pancreatic amylase where the normal range for pancreatic amylase is 10 – 53 U/ |
Consider 3 meals daily vs. grazing.
Be mindful and address late night eating habits. Optimize sleep. Ensure optimal fiber is present at every meal for optimal blood sugar regulation and increase satiety. Avoid buffets and All-You-Can-Eat restaurants. For fast eaters, practice mindful eating habits and slow down chewing between bites. |
Proposed MOA’s: Starch blocker Glycemic control Insulin sensitivity “Phase2” Phaseolus vulgaris extract (white kidney bean extract) is a supplement derived from the white kidney bean plant that has a starch blocking effect. When taken before a meal, the alpha-amylase inhibitor in Phaseolus vulgaris extract binds to the alpha-amylase enzyme in the digestive system, blocking its ability to break down starches into simple sugars. As a result, the starches pass through the digestive system without being fully broken down and absorbed, leading to fewer calories being absorbed and potentially leading to weight loss. Chromium picolinate may enhance the effectiveness of insulin leading to improved insulin sensitivity and better control of blood sugar levels by increasing the activity of enzymes involved in glucose metabolism, such as glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT-4). This leads to an improvement in glucose uptake into cells and a reduction in the amount of glucose in the bloodstream. Chromium picolinate may also reduce glucose production in the liver by suppressing the activity of gluconeogenic enzymes, which are involved in glucose synthesis. Cinnamon has been shown to enhance insulin sensitivity and improve glucose uptake into cells, leading to lower levels of glucose in the bloodstream, regulate glucose metabolism by slowing the breakdown of carbohydrates into simple sugars, reducing the rapid spike in blood sugar levels after a meal, and may stimulate insulin secretion from the pancreas, which helps regulate blood sugar levels. Cinnamon has also been shown to inhibit glucose absorption in the gut, reducing the amount of glucose that enters the bloodstream. Alpha Lipoic Acid (ALA) may regulate glucose metabolism by increasing glucose uptake into cells and decreasing glucose production in the liver and has potent antioxidant properties that protect against oxidative stress and inflammation, which can contribute to insulin resistance and high blood sugar levels. Continuous Glucose Monitor (CGM) measures glucose levels in real-time, providing frequent and accurate glucose readings throughout the day and night. CGM’s provide real-time glucose readings and can alert people with diabetes to low glucose levels, helping to prevent hypoglycemic episodes. For diabetics and non-diabetics alike, CGMs can help achieve better HbA1c levels, which are an average measure of glucose control over the past 2-3 months. Youtrients Proprietary Formulas: Blood Sugar Optimizer |
|||||||||
AMY1 T/T | Starch digestion | The AMY1 gene produces the enzyme in your saliva known as amylase, which breaks down starchy, complex carbohydrates into simple sugars, and is also known to influence taste perception. Variations in this gene can influence the ability to metabolize and store starch-based carbohydrates, which in turn influences the likelihood of gaining weight on a diet high in starches. Examples include pasta, bread, rice and potatoes | Good starch metabolism. Reduced association between starch consumption and weight gain | |||||||||||||
APOA2 G/G | Transport / recycling HDL | The Janitor | Your APOA2 gene directs your body to produce a protein called apolipoprotein A-2. The interaction between your APOA2 gene and saturated fatty acids, as it pertains to body mass index or BMI, is among the most widely replicated gene-nutrient interactions studied. | Associated with weight gain and altered ghrelin production in response to saturated fat consumption | While saturated fats are likely not as culpable to obesity and cardiovascular disease as was once thought, for those with this variant, there is still an increased risk concern
Those with this variant should avoid a high fat or Keto diet |
HDL, LDL, VLDL Triglycerides ox-LDL LDL-P Lp(a) Apo B/A1 Leptin Ghrelin |
Limit saturated fat intake to less than 10% of your total caloric intake or approximately 20g (4 teaspoons equivalent) for a 2000cal per day diet | Autoimmune pancreatitis HDL cholesterol levels Weight gain from saturated fat Obesity |
||||||||
APOA2 A/G | Transport / recycling HDL | The Janitor | Your APOA2 gene directs your body to produce a protein called apolipoprotein A-2. The interaction between your APOA2 gene and saturated fatty acids, as it pertains to body mass index or BMI, is among the most widely replicated gene-nutrient interactions studied. | Reduced association to weight gain in response to fat consumption | While saturated fats are likely not as culpable to obesity and cardiovascular disease as was once thought, for those with this variant, there is still an increased risk concern
Those with this variant should avoid a high fat or Keto diet |
HDL, LDL, VLDL Triglycerides ox-LDL LDL-P Lp(a) Apo B/A1 Leptin Ghrelin |
Limit saturated fat intake to less than 20% of your total caloric intake or approximately 40g (8 teaspoons equivalent) for a 2000cal per day diet | Autoimmune pancreatitis HDL cholesterol levels Weight gain from saturated fat Obesity |
||||||||
APOA2 A/A | Transport / recycling HDL | The Janitor | Your APOA2 gene directs your body to produce a protein called apolipoprotein A-2. The interaction between your APOA2 gene and saturated fatty acids, as it pertains to body mass index or BMI, is among the most widely replicated gene-nutrient interactions studied. | No association to weight gain in response to fat consumption | Autoimmune pancreatitis HDL cholesterol levels Weight gain from saturated fat Obesity |
|||||||||||
APOE 4/4 | Metabolism Cholesterol “Alzheimers” | Lipid Uber | The APOE gene is responsible for making a protein, apolipoprotein E, which is involved in the transportation of blood lipids including cholesterol. Blood lipids (including cholesterol) are primarily transported by two families of ‘carriers’ – low density lipoproteins (LDLs) and high density lipoproteins (HDLs). Your LDL carriers tend to deposit lipids on the inner lining of your blood vessels in response to inflammation, while your HDL carriers tend to recirculate your lipids and transport them to your liver.
Problems with brain cells’ ability to process fats, or lipids, may play a key role in Alzheimer’s. Carrying an APOE4 variant is the strongest risk factor gene for Alzheimer’s disease, although inheriting APOE4 does not mean a one will definitely develop the disease. |
Associated with increased risk of coronary artery disease, ischemic stroke, and a significantly increased risk for Alzheimers disease | The E4 allele exhibits a preferential binding to VLDLs (as opposed to other lipoproteins) with concomitant dysregulation of LDL clearance, increased plasma LDL and increased risk of atherosclerosis.
The APOE gene is the single strongest genetic association with development of late onset Alzheimer’s disease (LOAD). The E4 allele is the at-risk allele, with 60–80% of LOAD patients having at least one E4 allele The at-risk association is significantly higher in the APOE4/4 genotype than any other allelic combination Screen for family history of high cholesterol or triglycerides, storke, cardiovascular disease, Alzheimer’s or age related dementia as well as personal history of concussion(s) or traumatic brain injury from sports |
(Dr. Bredesen Protocol) CBC, HDL, LDL, Total Cholesterol, Triglycerides, Homocysteine HbA1C, Hs-CRP, Urea, Comprehensive Metabolic Panel, TSH, FT3, FT4, rT3, Cortisol AM, DHEA-S, Estradiol, Progesterone, Testosterone, Copper, Ferritin, Glutathione (RBC), Magnesium (RBC), Insulin, B9 (Folate), B12, 25OHD, Vit-E, Zinc, Arsenic, Lead, Mercury | The APOE 4 allele has been associated with an increased risk for developing cardiovascular disease and Alzheimer’s disease. However, having the APOE 4/4 genetic variant does not mean that you will definitely develop these conditions. Here are some recommendations to help maintain cardiovascular health:
Adopt a heart-healthy diet: Focus on eating a balanced diet that includes a variety of fruits and vegetables, whole grains, lean protein sources, and healthy fats, and limit your intake of saturated and trans fats, added sugars, and sodium. Engage in regular physical activity: Aim for at least 30 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise, such as brisk walking, most days of the week. Maintain a healthy weight: Maintaining a healthy weight can help to reduce your risk for cardiovascular disease. Don’t smoke: Smoking is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease, and quitting smoking can significantly reduce your risk. Manage stress: Chronic stress can increase your risk for cardiovascular disease, so it’s important to find healthy ways to manage stress, such as through exercise, mindfulness, or therapy. Control other risk factors: If you have other risk factors for cardiovascular disease, such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, or diabetes, it’s important to work with your doctor to manage these conditions. |
X | Proposed MOAs
Optimize cholesterol levels B vitamins, particularly vitamin B3 (niacin), can help regulate cholesterol levels by improving lipid metabolism. High levels of the amino acid homocysteine have been associated with a higher risk of Alzheimer’s disease. Because folic-acid, vitamin-b6, and vitamin-b12 play a central role in the metabolism of homocysteine, these vitamins have been extensively tested in clinical trials for their ability to improve cognitive function after the onset of Alzheimer’s disease, with the evidence as a whole indicating little-to-no benefit. Vitamin D has been shown to play a role in the regulation of lipid metabolism and can regulate the expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism, including those involved in cholesterol regulation. A large body of evidence suggests the immune system facilitates Alzheimer’s disease. Given this, vitamin D, which can influence immune function, may have an effect on the disease. One clinical trial supports a beneficial effect of vitamin D supplementation in people with Alzheimer’s disease. Mendelian randomization trials have also found that having genetically higher vitamin D levels seems to lower the risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease. Vitamin E has been shown to play a role in the regulation of lipid metabolism, including cholesterol levels. Oxidative stress, including oxidative damage to neuronal proteins and DNA, seems to occur during the development of Alzheimer’s disease. If this process contributes to the development and progression of Alzheimer’s disease, a viable intervention could be supplementing with vitamin E, a potent antioxidant. A few clinical trials have tested the effect of a very high dose of vitamin E on people with Alzheimer’s disease, with some mixed evidence of benefit, but vitamin E supplementation does not seem to prevent dementia or Alzheimer’s disease in at-risk people. Omega-3 fatty acids can regulate the expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism, including those involved in cholesterol regulation and can modify cellular signaling pathways involved in lipid metabolism, including those involved in cholesterol regulation.The human brain contains a large quantity of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Supplementing with DHA and its precursor, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), has been shown to benefit heart and brain health. Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter involved in cognitive function, and reductions in its signaling contribute to some of the symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease. As a result, people with the disease are frequently prescribed medications called acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, which inhibit the breakdown of acetylcholine, thereby increasing its levels in synapses. L-Alpha glycerylphosphorylcholine, or alpha-GPC, is a choline-containing compound that is believed to better deliver choline to the brain, where it can be used for acetylcholine synthesis (acetylcholine is made from choline and a molecule called acetyl-CoA). Preliminary evidence from a few clinical trials suggests alpha-GPC is beneficial for people with Alzheimer’s disease. Ginkgo biloba tree leaves, commonly known simply as ginkgo biloba, are often used as a dietary supplement and contain a variety of terpenoids (a type of plant metabolite) known as ginkgolides. Ginkgo biloba may increase cerebral blood flow, which could benefit brain health. Hericium erinaceus, commonly known as lion’s mane mushroom, benefits cognitive function, partly based on research suggesting it increases levels of nerve growth factor (NGF), a peptide important to the growth and survival of neurons. However, whether lion’s mane (or, more specifically, terpenoids called erinacines, found in lion’s mane) actually stimulates NGF remains a source of debate. Highly preliminary research from a few clinical trials indicates lion’s mane may be beneficial for people with or at risk of Alzheimer’s disease. Panax ginseng (aka Asian ginseng, Chinese ginseng, Korean ginseng, or even just ginseng) is a plant whose roots are often used as a supplement. One component of panax ginseng, called gintonin, has been studied in animal models for its potential to inhibit amyloid beta toxicity, making it a possible candidate for improving cognitive decline due to Alzheimer’s disease. Preliminary evidence from a few clinical trials suggests panax ginseng is beneficial for people with the disease. Saffron contains potentially bioactive compounds, including crocin, crocetin, and safranal, that experiments performed in animal models suggest may be able to reduce the accumulation and toxicity of amyloid beta. Preliminary evidence from a few clinical trials suggests saffron is beneficial for Alzheimer’s disease. Wearable fitness trackers: Wearable fitness trackers can help monitor physical activity and encourage regular exercise, which can have a positive impact on cholesterol levels. Telemedicine platforms: Telemedicine platforms can provide remote access to healthcare providers, enabling patients to receive virtual consultations and treatment recommendations, including lifestyle modifications to lower cholesterol levels. Home cholesterol testing kits: Home cholesterol testing kits can provide individuals with a convenient and easy way to monitor their cholesterol levels, enabling them to take proactive steps to manage their cholesterol levels. Youtrients Proprietary Formula |
Alzheimer’s Nerve cell function Heart and blood vessel function Clearance of proteins from the brain Immune health |
||||||
APOE 3/4 | Metabolism Cholesterol “Alzheimers” | Lipid Uber | The APOE gene is responsible for making a protein, apolipoprotein E, which is involved in the transportation of blood lipids including cholesterol. Blood lipids (including cholesterol) are primarily transported by two families of ‘carriers’ – low density lipoproteins (LDLs) and high density lipoproteins (HDLs). Your LDL carriers tend to deposit lipids on the inner lining of your blood vessels in response to inflammation, while your HDL carriers tend to recirculate your lipids and transport them to your liver.
Problems with brain cells’ ability to process fats, or lipids, may play a key role in Alzheimer’s. Carrying an APOE4 variant is the strongest risk factor gene for Alzheimer’s disease, although inheriting APOE4 does not mean a one will definitely develop the disease. |
Associated with moderately increased risk of coronary artery disease and ischemic stroke and increased risk for Alzheimers disease | The E4 allele exhibits a preferential binding to VLDLs (as opposed to other lipoproteins) with concomitant dysregulation of LDL clearance, increased plasma LDL and increased risk of atherosclerosis.
The APOE gene is the single strongest genetic association with development of late onset Alzheimer’s disease (LOAD). The E4 allele is the at-risk allele, with 60–80% of LOAD patients having at least one E4 allele The at-risk association is significantly higher in the APOE4/4 genotype than any other allelic combination Screen for family history of high cholesterol or triglycerides, storke, cardiovascular disease, Alzheimer’s or age related dementia as well as personal history of concussion(s) or traumatic brain injury from sports |
(Dr. Bredesen Protocol) CBC, HDL, LDL, Total Cholesterol, Triglycerides, Homocysteine HbA1C, Hs-CRP, Urea, Comprehensive Metabolic Panel, TSH, FT3, FT4, rT3, Cortisol AM, DHEA-S, Estradiol, Progesterone, Testosterone, Copper, Ferritin, Glutathione (RBC), Magnesium (RBC), Insulin, B9 (Folate), B12, 25OHD, Vit-E, Zinc, Arsenic, Lead, Mercury, | The APOE 4 allele has been associated with an increased risk for developing cardiovascular disease and Alzheimer’s disease. However, having the APOE 4/4 genetic variant does not mean that you will definitely develop these conditions. Here are some recommendations to help maintain cardiovascular health:
Adopt a heart-healthy diet: Focus on eating a balanced diet that includes a variety of fruits and vegetables, whole grains, lean protein sources, and healthy fats, and limit your intake of saturated and trans fats, added sugars, and sodium. Engage in regular physical activity: Aim for at least 30 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise, such as brisk walking, most days of the week. Maintain a healthy weight: Maintaining a healthy weight can help to reduce your risk for cardiovascular disease. Don’t smoke: Smoking is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease, and quitting smoking can significantly reduce your risk. Manage stress: Chronic stress can increase your risk for cardiovascular disease, so it’s important to find healthy ways to manage stress, such as through exercise, mindfulness, or therapy. Control other risk factors: If you have other risk factors for cardiovascular disease, such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, or diabetes, it’s important to work with your doctor to manage these conditions. |
X | Proposed MOAs
Optimize cholesterol levels B vitamins, particularly vitamin B3 (niacin), can help regulate cholesterol levels by improving lipid metabolism. High levels of the amino acid homocysteine have been associated with a higher risk of Alzheimer’s disease. Because folic-acid, vitamin-b6, and vitamin-b12 play a central role in the metabolism of homocysteine, these vitamins have been extensively tested in clinical trials for their ability to improve cognitive function after the onset of Alzheimer’s disease, with the evidence as a whole indicating little-to-no benefit. Vitamin D has been shown to play a role in the regulation of lipid metabolism and can regulate the expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism, including those involved in cholesterol regulation. A large body of evidence suggests the immune system facilitates Alzheimer’s disease. Given this, vitamin D, which can influence immune function, may have an effect on the disease. One clinical trial supports a beneficial effect of vitamin D supplementation in people with Alzheimer’s disease. Mendelian randomization trials have also found that having genetically higher vitamin D levels seems to lower the risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease. Vitamin E has been shown to play a role in the regulation of lipid metabolism, including cholesterol levels. Oxidative stress, including oxidative damage to neuronal proteins and DNA, seems to occur during the development of Alzheimer’s disease. If this process contributes to the development and progression of Alzheimer’s disease, a viable intervention could be supplementing with vitamin E, a potent antioxidant. A few clinical trials have tested the effect of a very high dose of vitamin E on people with Alzheimer’s disease, with some mixed evidence of benefit, but vitamin E supplementation does not seem to prevent dementia or Alzheimer’s disease in at-risk people. Omega-3 fatty acids can regulate the expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism, including those involved in cholesterol regulation and can modify cellular signaling pathways involved in lipid metabolism, including those involved in cholesterol regulation.The human brain contains a large quantity of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Supplementing with DHA and its precursor, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), has been shown to benefit heart and brain health. Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter involved in cognitive function, and reductions in its signaling contribute to some of the symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease. As a result, people with the disease are frequently prescribed medications called acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, which inhibit the breakdown of acetylcholine, thereby increasing its levels in synapses. L-Alpha glycerylphosphorylcholine, or alpha-GPC, is a choline-containing compound that is believed to better deliver choline to the brain, where it can be used for acetylcholine synthesis (acetylcholine is made from choline and a molecule called acetyl-CoA). Preliminary evidence from a few clinical trials suggests alpha-GPC is beneficial for people with Alzheimer’s disease. Ginkgo biloba tree leaves, commonly known simply as ginkgo biloba, are often used as a dietary supplement and contain a variety of terpenoids (a type of plant metabolite) known as ginkgolides. Ginkgo biloba may increase cerebral blood flow, which could benefit brain health. Hericium erinaceus, commonly known as lion’s mane mushroom, benefits cognitive function, partly based on research suggesting it increases levels of nerve growth factor (NGF), a peptide important to the growth and survival of neurons. However, whether lion’s mane (or, more specifically, terpenoids called erinacines, found in lion’s mane) actually stimulates NGF remains a source of debate. Highly preliminary research from a few clinical trials indicates lion’s mane may be beneficial for people with or at risk of Alzheimer’s disease. Panax ginseng (aka Asian ginseng, Chinese ginseng, Korean ginseng, or even just ginseng) is a plant whose roots are often used as a supplement. One component of panax ginseng, called gintonin, has been studied in animal models for its potential to inhibit amyloid beta toxicity, making it a possible candidate for improving cognitive decline due to Alzheimer’s disease. Preliminary evidence from a few clinical trials suggests panax ginseng is beneficial for people with the disease. Saffron contains potentially bioactive compounds, including crocin, crocetin, and safranal, that experiments performed in animal models suggest may be able to reduce the accumulation and toxicity of amyloid beta. Preliminary evidence from a few clinical trials suggests saffron is beneficial for Alzheimer’s disease. Wearable fitness trackers: Wearable fitness trackers can help monitor physical activity and encourage regular exercise, which can have a positive impact on cholesterol levels. Telemedicine platforms: Telemedicine platforms can provide remote access to healthcare providers, enabling patients to receive virtual consultations and treatment recommendations, including lifestyle modifications to lower cholesterol levels. Home cholesterol testing kits: Home cholesterol testing kits can provide individuals with a convenient and easy way to monitor their cholesterol levels, enabling them to take proactive steps to manage their cholesterol levels. Youtrients Proprietary Formula |
Alzheimer’s Nerve cell function Heart and blood vessel function Clearance of proteins from the brain Immune health |
||||||
APOE 2/4 | Metabolism Cholesterol “Alzheimers” | Lipid Uber | The APOE gene is responsible for making a protein, apolipoprotein E, which is involved in the transportation of blood lipids including cholesterol. Blood lipids (including cholesterol) are primarily transported by two families of ‘carriers’ – low density lipoproteins (LDLs) and high density lipoproteins (HDLs). Your LDL carriers tend to deposit lipids on the inner lining of your blood vessels in response to inflammation, while your HDL carriers tend to recirculate your lipids and transport them to your liver.
Problems with brain cells’ ability to process fats, or lipids, may play a key role in Alzheimer’s. Carrying an APOE4 variant is the strongest risk factor gene for Alzheimer’s disease, although inheriting APOE4 does not mean a one will definitely develop the disease. |
This genotype is very rare. However, of the few studies that have evaluated this genotype, it appears that the 2 allele mitigates any risk associated with the 4 allele. Therefore, this genotype is generally considered safe/protective and treat like a 3/3 variant | Alzheimer’s Nerve cell function Heart and blood vessel function Clearance of proteins from the brain Immune health |
|||||||||||
APOE 3/3 | Metabolism Cholesterol “Alzheimers” | Lipid Uber | The APOE gene is responsible for making a protein, apolipoprotein E, which is involved in the transportation of blood lipids including cholesterol. Blood lipids (including cholesterol) are primarily transported by two families of ‘carriers’ – low density lipoproteins (LDLs) and high density lipoproteins (HDLs). Your LDL carriers tend to deposit lipids on the inner lining of your blood vessels in response to inflammation, while your HDL carriers tend to recirculate your lipids and transport them to your liver.
Problems with brain cells’ ability to process fats, or lipids, may play a key role in Alzheimer’s. Carrying an APOE4 variant is the strongest risk factor gene for Alzheimer’s disease, although inheriting APOE4 does not mean a one will definitely develop the disease. |
This genotype is the most common with no increased risk of coronary artery disease and ischemic stroke | Alzheimer’s Nerve cell function Heart and blood vessel function Clearance of proteins from the brain Immune health |
|||||||||||
APOE 2/3 | Metabolism Cholesterol “Alzheimers” | Lipid Uber | The APOE gene is responsible for making a protein, apolipoprotein E, which is involved in the transportation of blood lipids including cholesterol. Blood lipids (including cholesterol) are primarily transported by two families of ‘carriers’ – low density lipoproteins (LDLs) and high density lipoproteins (HDLs). Your LDL carriers tend to deposit lipids on the inner lining of your blood vessels in response to inflammation, while your HDL carriers tend to recirculate your lipids and transport them to your liver.
Problems with brain cells’ ability to process fats, or lipids, may play a key role in Alzheimer’s. Carrying an APOE4 variant is the strongest risk factor gene for Alzheimer’s disease, although inheriting APOE4 does not mean a one will definitely develop the disease. |
This genotype is associated with optimal lipid metabolism and optimal total and LDL-cholesterol levels | Alzheimer’s Nerve cell function Heart and blood vessel function Clearance of proteins from the brain Immune health |
|||||||||||
APOE 2/2 | Metabolism Cholesterol “Alzheimers” | Lipid Uber | The APOE gene is responsible for making a protein, apolipoprotein E, which is involved in the transportation of blood lipids including cholesterol. Blood lipids (including cholesterol) are primarily transported by two families of ‘carriers’ – low density lipoproteins (LDLs) and high density lipoproteins (HDLs). Your LDL carriers tend to deposit lipids on the inner lining of your blood vessels in response to inflammation, while your HDL carriers tend to recirculate your lipids and transport them to your liver.
Problems with brain cells’ ability to process fats, or lipids, may play a key role in Alzheimer’s. Carrying an APOE4 variant is the strongest risk factor gene for Alzheimer’s disease, although inheriting APOE4 does not mean a one will definitely develop the disease. |
APOE2/2 is associated with delayed clearance of hepatic and intestinal remnant lipoproteins (chylomicrons) and is necessary for the development of type III hyperlipoproteinemia (HLP).
HLP can be precipitated by other factors including estrogen deficiency, hypothyroidism, obesity and diabetes. |
LDL, HDL, triglycerides Apolipoprotein B (ApoB) and apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I) Lipoprotein electrophoresis (separates lipoproteins in the blood sample according to their electrical charge and size. This test can identify different types of hyperlipoproteinemia such as hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hyperlipoproteinemia type III, and hyperlipoproteinemia type V) |
Alzheimer’s Nerve cell function Heart and blood vessel function Clearance of proteins from the brain Immune health |
||||||||||
AR T/T | Binds Testosterone | The AR gene codes for the androgen receptor, a protein that plays a key role in the development and maintenance of male characteristics and is activated by testosterone and binds to DNA to regulate the expression of target genes. | Associated with reduced binding of androgens to the androgen receptor and reduced androgenization | Likely more difficult to put on and retain lean muscle mass – may find working harder and longer than most to see results related to weight bearing exercise. | Testosterone Free Testosterone Early screening prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels |
X | X | |||||||||
AR C/T | Binds Testosterone | The AR gene codes for the androgen receptor, a protein that plays a key role in the development and maintenance of male characteristics and is activated by testosterone and binds to DNA to regulate the expression of target genes. | Associated with average/optimal binding of androgens to the androgen receptor and increased androgenization | May be easier for this individual to gain and keep lean muscle mass. | X | X | ||||||||||
AR C/C | Binds Testosterone | The AR gene codes for the androgen receptor, a protein that plays a key role in the development and maintenance of male characteristics and is activated by testosterone and binds to DNA to regulate the expression of target genes. | Associated with average/optimal binding of androgens to the androgen receptor and increased androgenization | May be easier for this individual to gain and keep lean muscle mass. | X | X | ||||||||||
BCMO1 G/G | Vit A (Beta carotine -> retinol) | B-A Converter | BCMO1 gene is responsible for making an essential enzyme involved in your metabolism and activation of vitamin A | Associated with suboptimal/moderate activation of beta-carotene into retinol | Beta-carotene needs to be converted by the body into retinol before it can be used, so vegetarian/vegans with G/G and A/G variants are most at risk of deficiency
Yellowing of skin and palms of hands with high consumption of yellow-orange-red pigmented foods can occur Screen for poor night vision / may take longer to adjust to ‘low light’ or dark conditions |
Vitamin A Comprehensive Micronutrients Evaluation |
Seek out animal based sources of Vitamin A such as eggs and red meat or if vegan, supplementation is required. | Proposed MOAs
Increase Vitamin-A Retinyl acetate and retinyl palmitate are both preformed vitamin A in supplement form without the need for conversion (ie. Beta carotene –> Vitamin-A). Retinyl palmitate is a form of retinol derived from a plant source and suitable for vegans. |
||||||||
BCMO1 A/G | Vit A (Beta carotine -> retinol) | B-A Converter | BCMO1 gene is responsible for making an essential enzyme involved in your metabolism and activation of vitamin A | Associated with suboptimal/moderate activation of beta-carotene into retinol | Beta-carotene needs to be converted by the body into retinol before it can be used, so vegetarian/vegans with G/G and A/G variants are most at risk of deficiency
Yellowing of skin and palms of hands with high consumption of yellow-orange-red pigmented foods can occur Screen for poor night vision / may take longer to adjust to ‘low light’ or dark conditions |
Vitamin A Comprehensive Micronutrients Evaluation |
Seek out animal based sources of Vitamin A such as eggs and red meat or if vegan, supplementation is required. | Proposed MOAs
Increase Vitamin-A Retinyl acetate and retinyl palmitate are both preformed vitamin A in supplement form without the need for conversion (ie. Beta carotene –> Vitamin-A). Retinyl palmitate is a form of retinol derived from a plant source and suitable for vegans. |
||||||||
BCMO1 A/A | Vit A (Beta carotine -> retinol) | B-A Converter | BCMO1 gene is responsible for making an essential enzyme involved in your metabolism and activation of vitamin A | Associated with optimal activation of beta-carotene into retinol | ||||||||||||
BDNF A/A | Brain health and healing | Fertilizer | The BDNF gene is responsible for making a very important protein in your brain called Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor. Adequate BDNF production is critical for healthy brain function to maintain neural plasticity and recover from traumas that can affect the brain (both physical concussions and emotional trauma). | Associated with suboptimal production and levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor | Screen for history of concussion, traumatic brain injury from sports or MVA
BDNF blood levels are correlated to the number of hours exposed to sunlight This variant may struggle with thinking outside of the box when it comes to solving problems May feel more easily overwhelmed, display a heightened emotional responses, and be described as having a quick temper. Often replay events over and over until arriving at a conclusion, yet very careful and often spend a lot of time thinking before making a decision (typically less likely to make mistakes than others) More sensitive to blue light at night causing sleep disruption and possibly more easily woken from sleep More likely to be impacted by jet lag / traveling across time zones Those with a G/G version of both the BDNF and TPH2 gene may display symptoms of depressive tendencies, experience difficulty in managing negative emotions, and struggle with wider mood swings and disturbed eating and sleeping patterns.This person may be a deep thinker and often become a subject matter expert in their field. |
Serum BDNF | HIIT exercise, sauna, cold exposure, hormetic resilience training
You can boost BDNF (via dopamine) through activities such as competing in or winning a race, solving a problem. I may also naturally occur after a successful even such as getting a promotion after years of hard work. Feeling successful — or simply engaging in the act of seeking out success — actually increases neuronal activity, neuroplasticity, and brain health. BDNF levels decline from recreational drug use, alcohol use, work addiction, or gambling |
Intermittent fasting is a type of diet that involves alternating periods of eating with periods of fasting.
Help your patient choose a fasting schedule: There are several variations of intermittent fasting, including 16/8 (fasting for 16 hours and eating within an 8-hour window), 5:2 (eating normally for 5 days and restricting calories for 2 non-consecutive days), and alternate-day fasting (fasting every other day). Within the eating window, the aim is to eat a balanced diet that includes a variety of nutrient-dense foods, such as fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean protein sources, and healthy fats. Drink plenty of water: During the fasting period, consume water, unsweetened coffee, or other non-caloric beverages Gradually adjust: If your patient is new to intermittent fasting, start with a less restrictive schedule and gradually increase the length of fasting periods. Be mindful of hunger: Some may experience hunger during the fasting periods (see COMT, DRD2 and MC4R gene variants), but this usually subsides after a few days as your body adjusts. |
Circadian rhythm dysregulation is linked with low BDNF. Those with traumatic brain injuries, who have a dysregulated circadian rhythm also have lower BDNF production.Sleep hygiene: black-out curtains, an appropriate bedtime temperature, and avoiding phone or digital screen use at night are all key | Proposed MOA’s
Upregulation of BDNF hormone Whole coffee cherry extract (WCCE) contains high levels of polyphenols, which show promise for improving cognitive function and has been particularly associated with increased levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which is associated with a range of positive cognitive effects such as increased neural plasticity, increased alertness, and decreased fatigue. Researchers have shown that BDNF levels are significantly boosted by omega-3 fatty acids, particularly docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (the omega-3 fatty acid that accounts for approximately 97 percent of the omega-3 fatsin the brain) Sauna therapy exposes the body to high temperatures, which can induce a stress response that may stimulate the production of BDNF as the body attempts to protect and repair itself. Sauna therapy can also increase blood flow, which may provide more oxygen and nutrients to the brain, thereby supporting the production of BDNF as well as reduce systemic inflammation, which has been linked to decreased levels of BDNF. PEMF (Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Therapy) may stimulate neural activity and directly increase the production of BDNF in the brain, which helps support neuroplasticity and cognitive function. Bright Light Devices specifically those that provide exposure to bright light in the blue spectrum, have been shown to increase brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels by regulating circadian rhythms and improving sleep (crucial for the proper functioning of the brain and the release of BDNF). It also stimulates the hypothalamus and the pineal gland, which can lead to an increase in BDNF levels and has been shown to reduce stress levels, which has been linked to increased BDNF production. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) has been shown to enhance neural plasticity (the ability of the brain to change and adapt in response to new experiences and information) and nce synaptic plasticity (the ability of the brain to strengthen and weaken the connections between neurons) both of which leads to increased BDNF production. tDCS has also been shown to have antidepressant effects, which may be related to increased BDNF production. Youtrients Proprietary Formula BDNF Optimizer |
Sleep Body weight Stress response Depression Anxiety Concussion (recovery/predisposition) |
|||||
BDNF A/G | Brain health and healing | Fertilizer | The BDNF gene is responsible for making a very important protein in your brain called Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor. Adequate BDNF production is critical for healthy brain function to maintain neural plasticity and recover from traumas that can affect the brain (both physical concussions and emotional trauma). | Associated with suboptimal production and levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor | Screen for history of concussion, traumatic brain injury from sports or MVA
BDNF blood levels are correlated to the number of hours exposed to sunlight This variant may struggle with thinking outside of the box when it comes to solving problems May feel more easily overwhelmed, display a heightened emotional responses, and be described as having a quick temper. Often replay events over and over until arriving at a conclusion, yet very careful and often spend a lot of time thinking before making a decision (typically less likely to make mistakes than others) More sensitive to blue light at night causing sleep disruption and possibly more easily woken from sleep More likely to be impacted by jet lag / traveling across time zones Those with a G/G version of both the BDNF and TPH2 gene may display symptoms of depressive tendencies, experience difficulty in managing negative emotions, and struggle with wider mood swings and disturbed eating and sleeping patterns.This person may be a deep thinker and often become a subject matter expert in their field. |
Serum BDNF | HIIT exercise, sauna, cold exposure, hormetic resilience training
You can boost BDNF (via dopamine) through activities such as competing in or winning a race, solving a problem. I may also naturally occur after a successful even such as getting a promotion after years of hard work. Feeling successful — or simply engaging in the act of seeking out success — actually increases neuronal activity, neuroplasticity, and brain health. BDNF levels decline from recreational drug use, alcohol use, work addiction, or gambling |
Intermittent fasting is a type of diet that involves alternating periods of eating with periods of fasting.
Help your patient choose a fasting schedule: There are several variations of intermittent fasting, including 16/8 (fasting for 16 hours and eating within an 8-hour window), 5:2 (eating normally for 5 days and restricting calories for 2 non-consecutive days), and alternate-day fasting (fasting every other day). Within the eating window, the aim is to eat a balanced diet that includes a variety of nutrient-dense foods, such as fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean protein sources, and healthy fats. Drink plenty of water: During the fasting period, consume water, unsweetened coffee, or other non-caloric beverages Gradually adjust: If your patient is new to intermittent fasting, start with a less restrictive schedule and gradually increase the length of fasting periods. Be mindful of hunger: Some may experience hunger during the fasting periods (see COMT, DRD2 and MC4R gene variants), but this usually subsides after a few days as your body adjusts. |
Circadian rhythm dysregulation is linked with low BDNF. Those with traumatic brain injuries, who have a dysregulated circadian rhythm also have lower BDNF production.Sleep hygiene: black-out curtains, an appropriate bedtime temperature, and avoiding phone or digital screen use at night are all key | Proposed MOA’s
Upregulation of BDNF hormone Whole coffee cherry extract (WCCE) contains high levels of polyphenols, which show promise for improving cognitive function and has been particularly associated with increased levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which is associated with a range of positive cognitive effects such as increased neural plasticity, increased alertness, and decreased fatigue. Researchers have shown that BDNF levels are significantly boosted by omega-3 fatty acids, particularly docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (the omega-3 fatty acid that accounts for approximately 97 percent of the omega-3 fatsin the brain) Sauna therapy exposes the body to high temperatures, which can induce a stress response that may stimulate the production of BDNF as the body attempts to protect and repair itself. Sauna therapy can also increase blood flow, which may provide more oxygen and nutrients to the brain, thereby supporting the production of BDNF as well as reduce systemic inflammation, which has been linked to decreased levels of BDNF. PEMF (Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Therapy) may stimulate neural activity and directly increase the production of BDNF in the brain, which helps support neuroplasticity and cognitive function. Bright Light Devices specifically those that provide exposure to bright light in the blue spectrum, have been shown to increase brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels by regulating circadian rhythms and improving sleep (crucial for the proper functioning of the brain and the release of BDNF). It also stimulates the hypothalamus and the pineal gland, which can lead to an increase in BDNF levels and has been shown to reduce stress levels, which has been linked to increased BDNF production. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) has been shown to enhance neural plasticity (the ability of the brain to change and adapt in response to new experiences and information) and nce synaptic plasticity (the ability of the brain to strengthen and weaken the connections between neurons) both of which leads to increased BDNF production. tDCS has also been shown to have antidepressant effects, which may be related to increased BDNF production. Youtrients Proprietary Formula BDNF Optimizer |
Sleep Body weight Stress response Depression Anxiety Concussion (recovery/predisposition) |
|||||
BDNF G/G | Brain health and healing | Fertilizer | The BDNF gene is responsible for making a very important protein in your brain called Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor. Adequate BDNF production is critical for healthy brain function to maintain neural plasticity and recover from traumas that can affect the brain (both physical concussions and emotional trauma). | Associated with optimal production and levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor | Sleep Body weight Stress response Depression Anxiety Concussion (recovery/predisposition) |
|||||||||||
CLOCK C/C | Circadian rhythm | The CLOCK gene is thought to play an important role in the control of circadian rhythms, particularly the sleep-wake cycle. Variations in the CLOCK gene can influence the body’s ability to fall and stay asleep at an appropriate time, the risk of mood-related disorders, | Associated with delayed or reduced sleep and waking patterns | CLOCK gene is related to how Asian ethnicities are at risk of obesity from certain diets | Vitamin D RBC Magnesium Adrenal Cortisol Rhythm Melatonin |
Timing of meals: Eating regular, balanced meals at consistent times each day can help regulate circadian rhythm.
Bright light exposure: 10-15 mins exposure to bright light first thing in the morning can help reset the circadian clock and improve sleep quality. Antioxidant-rich foods: Consuming foods high in antioxidants, such as fruits and vegetables, can help protect against oxidative stress and improve overall health. Omega-3 fatty acids: Omega-3 fatty acids, found in fatty fish and some plant-based sources, have been shown to have positive effects on mood and sleep. Limit caffeine and alcohol: Consuming caffeine and alcohol close to bedtime can disrupt sleep and negatively impact circadian rhythm. |
Sleep hygiene: black-out curtains, an appropriate bedtime temperature, and avoiding phone or digital screen use at night are all key | Proposed MOA’s
Melatonin production Melatonin is a hormone produced by the pineal gland that regulates sleep-wake cycles. Melatonin supplements can help regulate the circadian rhythm and improve sleep quality. 5-HTP is a precursor to serotonin but also may help to improve sleep quality and reduce the time it takes to fall asleep. In the pineal gland of the brain, serotonin is converted into melatonin through a series of enzymatic reactions. During the day, when there is adequate light exposure, the production of melatonin is suppressed. At night, as light levels decrease, the production of melatonin increases, promoting feelings of drowsiness and preparing the body for sleep. This connection between serotonin and melatonin helps to regulate the sleep-wake cycle, as increased serotonin levels can lead to increased melatonin production, promoting sleep. Conversely, decreased serotonin levels can result in decreased melatonin production and difficulty sleeping. California poppy (Eschscholzia californica) is an herbal remedy that has traditionally been used to improve sleep quality and promote relaxation. The active compounds in California poppy are believed to have sedative effects, which can help to calm the mind and promote feelings of calmness and tranquility. Research shows it may work on mu1 and mu2 opioid receptors as well as influence 5HT receptors The Oura ring is a wearable device in the form of a ring that tracks various health and wellness metrics, including sleep, activity, and recovery. It also provides insights and suggestions to help users optimize their sleep, improve their energy levels, and enhance overall wellness. The ring collects data through sensors that measure body temperature, heart rate, and movement, and the data is synced to a companion app. Youtrients Proprietary Formula: Sleep Optimizer |
Sleep patterns and insomnia Obesity and weight loss ADHD Schizophrenia Type 2 diabetes Alzheimer’s disease |
|||||||
CLOCK C/T | Circadian rhythm | The CLOCK gene is thought to play an important role in the control of circadian rhythms, particularly the sleep-wake cycle. Variations in the CLOCK gene can influence the body’s ability to fall and stay asleep at an appropriate time, the risk of mood-related disorders, | Associated with delayed or reduced sleep and waking patterns | CLOCK gene is related to how Asian ethnicities are at risk of obesity from certain diets | Vitamin D RBC Magnesium Adrenal Cortisol Rhythm Melatonin |
Timing of meals: Eating regular, balanced meals at consistent times each day can help regulate circadian rhythm.
Bright light exposure: 10-15 mins exposure to bright light first thing in the morning can help reset the circadian clock and improve sleep quality. Antioxidant-rich foods: Consuming foods high in antioxidants, such as fruits and vegetables, can help protect against oxidative stress and improve overall health. Omega-3 fatty acids: Omega-3 fatty acids, found in fatty fish and some plant-based sources, have been shown to have positive effects on mood and sleep. Limit caffeine and alcohol: Consuming caffeine and alcohol close to bedtime can disrupt sleep and negatively impact circadian rhythm. |
Sleep hygiene: black-out curtains, an appropriate bedtime temperature, and avoiding phone or digital screen use at night are all key | Proposed MOA’s
Melatonin production Melatonin is a hormone produced by the pineal gland that regulates sleep-wake cycles. Melatonin supplements can help regulate the circadian rhythm and improve sleep quality. 5-HTP is a precursor to serotonin but also may help to improve sleep quality and reduce the time it takes to fall asleep. In the pineal gland of the brain, serotonin is converted into melatonin through a series of enzymatic reactions. During the day, when there is adequate light exposure, the production of melatonin is suppressed. At night, as light levels decrease, the production of melatonin increases, promoting feelings of drowsiness and preparing the body for sleep. This connection between serotonin and melatonin helps to regulate the sleep-wake cycle, as increased serotonin levels can lead to increased melatonin production, promoting sleep. Conversely, decreased serotonin levels can result in decreased melatonin production and difficulty sleeping. California poppy (Eschscholzia californica) is an herbal remedy that has traditionally been used to improve sleep quality and promote relaxation. The active compounds in California poppy are believed to have sedative effects, which can help to calm the mind and promote feelings of calmness and tranquility. Research shows it may work on mu1 and mu2 opioid receptors as well as influence 5HT receptors The Oura ring is a wearable device in the form of a ring that tracks various health and wellness metrics, including sleep, activity, and recovery. It also provides insights and suggestions to help users optimize their sleep, improve their energy levels, and enhance overall wellness. The ring collects data through sensors that measure body temperature, heart rate, and movement, and the data is synced to a companion app. Youtrients Proprietary Formula: Sleep Optimizer |
Sleep patterns and insomnia Obesity and weight loss ADHD Schizophrenia Type 2 diabetes Alzheimer’s disease |
|||||||
CLOCK T/T | Circadian rhythm | The CLOCK gene is thought to play an important role in the control of circadian rhythms, particularly the sleep-wake cycle. Variations in the CLOCK gene can influence the body’s ability to fall and stay asleep at an appropriate time, the risk of mood-related disorders | Associated with normal sleep and waking patterns | CLOCK gene is related to how Asian ethnicities are at risk of obesity from certain diets | Sleep patterns and insomnia Obesity and weight loss ADHD Schizophrenia Type 2 diabetes Alzheimer’s disease |
|||||||||||
COMT A/A | Neurotransmitter clearance | The Vacuum (hand vac) | The COMT gene codes for the enzyme catechol-O-methyltransferase, which is responsible for the breakdown (methylation) of the neurotransmitters dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine – neurotransmitters responsible for emotions such as pleasure, fear, and anxiety. (The COMT enzyme transfers a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine to the catecholamine neurotransmitters, thereby inactivating them). | Associated with lowest COMT activity and longest dopamine half-life (three to four-fold reduction in enzymatic activity compared to the G allele) | Typically on the anxious side, tend to multi task, lose focus, and get distracted easily | Neurotransmitters ie. catecholamines: dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine
Homovanillic acid (HVA) and Vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) can also be measured in urine as a reflection of the enzyme activity of COMT. 4 point cortisol |
Exercise regularly: Regular physical activity has been shown to improve mood and reduce stress.
Practice stress management techniques: Techniques such as meditation, deep breathing, and progressive muscle relaxation can help to reduce stress and improve mood. Get enough sleep: Aim for 7-9 hours of sleep per night, as lack of sleep can negatively impact mood and behavior. Eat a healthy diet: A diet rich in whole foods, such as fruits and vegetables, whole grains, lean protein sources, and healthy fats, can provide essential nutrients for brain health and improve mood. Seek support: Talking to friends, family, or a mental health professional can provide support and help you manage difficult emotions and behaviors. Avoid drugs and alcohol: Substance abuse can worsen mood and behavior, and it’s important to seek help if you have a problem with substance abuse. |
This variant may have increased levels of cytokines and a greater risk of developing autoimmune diseases. | X | When combined with DRD2 A/A, this variant has a reduced sense of pleasure from food despite the increased availability of dopamine in these individuals. This means these individuals are less likely to show food dependency behaviour, yet may still have grazing/ snacking tendencies.
When combined with DRD2 G/G, often exhibits the most intense experience of pleasure. If deprived of food for an extended period of time, these individuals will most likely engage in binge eating, especially with foods they love (like chocolate) When combined with DRD2 G/A despite belonging to the more medial or ‘balanced-pleasure’ group, these individuals can be prone to impulsive eating behaviours especially when indulging in foods that are known pleasure inducers after prolonged periods of abstinence. |
Maintain a consistent sleep schedule: Try to go to bed and wake up at the same time every day, even on weekends, to help regulate your body’s internal clock.
Create a bedtime routine: Engage in a relaxing activity before bed, such as reading a book or taking a warm bath, to help you wind down and prepare for sleep. Limit exposure to screens: The blue light emitted by electronic devices can disrupt sleep, so it’s best to avoid screens for at least an hour before bed. Reduce caffeine and alcohol intake: Both caffeine and alcohol can interfere with sleep, so it’s best to limit their consumption, especially in the evening. Exercise regularly: Regular physical activity can improve sleep quality and help you fall asleep faster. Just be sure to finish exercising a few hours before bedtime. Create a sleep-conducive environment: Make sure your bedroom is quiet, cool, and dark, and invest in a comfortable mattress and pillow. Consider cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I): CBT-I is a type of therapy that focuses on changing negative sleep-related thoughts and behaviors, and has been shown to be effective in improving sleep quality. |
This COMT gene variation may have estrogen imbalance or dominance which can result in a wide range of symptoms such as: Fatigue. Thyroid disorders, inflammation, and anxiety | Chronic stress has been linked to various physical and mental health problems, which can negatively impact lifespan. When a person experiences long-term stress, the body produces higher levels of cortisol, a stress hormone that can cause an array of health problems over time, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, depression, and cognitive decline. Moreover, stress can also lead to unhealthy behaviors such as overeating, smoking, and substance abuse, which are also associated with shorter lifespan. | Proposed MOA’s
Increase nutrients involved in the metabolism of catecholamine neurotransmitters The metabolism of catecholamine neurotransmitters, including dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine, requires a number of nutrients, including: B vitamins: B vitamins, including vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), are involved in the synthesis of neurotransmitters and the maintenance of healthy nervous system function. Magnesium: Magnesium is an important mineral that is involved in the regulation of neurotransmitter metabolism and the maintenance of healthy nerve function. Iron: Iron is involved in the synthesis of neurotransmitters and the production of red blood cells, which carry oxygen to the brain and other tissues. Tyrosine: Tyrosine is an amino acid that is a precursor for the synthesis of dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine. Folate: Folate is a B-vitamin that is involved in the metabolism of neurotransmitters and the maintenance of healthy nervous system function. Vitamin C: Vitamin C is an antioxidant that is involved in the metabolism of neurotransmitters and the maintenance of healthy nerve function. Limit caffeine intake Coffee: One of the most well-known sources of caffeine, a typical cup of coffee contains 95 milligrams of caffeine. Tea: Both black and green tea contain caffeine, with black tea generally having higher caffeine content. Soft drinks: Many popular soft drinks, such as Coca-Cola and Pepsi, contain caffeine. Energy drinks: Energy drinks, such as Red Bull and Monster, are often high in caffeine. Chocolate: Caffeine is naturally present in chocolate, with dark chocolate having more caffeine than milk chocolate. Certain medications: Some over-the-counter and prescription medications, such as pain relievers and diet pills, contain caffeine. Limit Tyramine-rich foods which may interfere with COMT activity including: Aged cheeses: Cheeses that are aged for a long time, such as cheddar, blue cheese, and parmesan, contain high amounts of tyramine. Fermented foods: Foods that are fermented, such as soy sauce, miso, and sauerkraut, contain high levels of tyramine. Dried or smoked meats: Meats that have been dried, cured, or smoked, such as pepperoni, salami, and beef jerky, contain high amounts of tyramine. Alcoholic beverages: Alcoholic beverages, especially beer and red wine, can contain high levels of tyramine. Fava beans: Fava beans are a source of tyramine and should be consumed in moderation. Certain fruits and vegetables: Some fruits and vegetables, such as avocados, bananas, and eggplants, can contain high levels of tyramine. HRV Device. HRV is an important indicator of the balance between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, and low HRV is associated with increased stress, anxiety, and other mental health conditions. On the other hand, high HRV is associated with improved resilience to stress and better mental health. Managing HRV involves techniques and practices that help to improve the balance between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, thereby reducing stress and improving mental health. Virtual reality exposure therapy: Virtual reality exposure therapy uses virtual reality technology to help individuals with anxiety disorders confront and overcome their fears in a safe and controlled environment. Youtrients Proprietary Formulas: Deep Calm Optimizer |
Stress response Mental health Cognitive function Pain sensitivity Hormone balance (estrogen clearance) Detoxification |
|
COMT A/G | Neurotransmitter clearance | The Vacuum | The COMT gene codes for the enzyme catechol-O-methyltransferase, which is responsible for the breakdown (methylation) of the neurotransmitters dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine – neurotransmitters responsible for emotions such as pleasure, fear, and anxiety. (The COMT enzyme transfers a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine to the catecholamine neurotransmitters, thereby inactivating them). | Associated with moderate COMT activity and medial dopamine half-life | Neurotransmitters ie. catecholamines: dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine
Homovanillic acid (HVA) and Vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) can also be measured in urine as a reflection of the enzyme activity of COMT. 4 point cortisol |
X | With a DRD2 A/A variant, these individuals have a moderate availability of dopamine, and a reduced sense of pleasure. This means there may be an increased likelihood for food dependency and grazing/snacking behaviours, with cravings for unhealthy food choices high in sugar and processed carbohydrates (although less than the former combination) With a DRD2 G/G variant, these individuals have a pleasure response that is still strong and the likelihood to overeat after fasting remains, especially with reward-associated foods. With DRD G/A, this combination is considered the most balanced of the reward seeking behaviour spectrum, but ironically, is not very common. These individuals typically have a balanced drive and relationship with food and food choices |
Maintain a consistent sleep schedule: Try to go to bed and wake up at the same time every day, even on weekends, to help regulate your body’s internal clock.
Create a bedtime routine: Engage in a relaxing activity before bed, such as reading a book or taking a warm bath, to help you wind down and prepare for sleep. Limit exposure to screens: The blue light emitted by electronic devices can disrupt sleep, so it’s best to avoid screens for at least an hour before bed. Reduce caffeine and alcohol intake: Both caffeine and alcohol can interfere with sleep, so it’s best to limit their consumption, especially in the evening. Exercise regularly: Regular physical activity can improve sleep quality and help you fall asleep faster. Just be sure to finish exercising a few hours before bedtime. Create a sleep-conducive environment: Make sure your bedroom is quiet, cool, and dark, and invest in a comfortable mattress and pillow. Consider cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I): CBT-I is a type of therapy that focuses on changing negative sleep-related thoughts and behaviors, and has been shown to be effective in improving sleep quality. |
X | Chronic stress has been linked to various physical and mental health problems, which can negatively impact lifespan. When a person experiences long-term stress, the body produces higher levels of cortisol, a stress hormone that can cause an array of health problems over time, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, depression, and cognitive decline. Moreover, stress can also lead to unhealthy behaviors such as overeating, smoking, and substance abuse, which are also associated with shorter lifespan. | Stress response Mental health Cognitive function Pain sensitivity Hormone balance (estrogen clearance) Detoxification |
|||||
COMT G/G | Neurotransmitter clearance | The Vacuum (Dyson) | The COMT gene codes for the enzyme catechol-O-methyltransferase, which is responsible for the breakdown (methylation) of the neurotransmitters dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine – neurotransmitters responsible for emotions such as pleasure, fear, and anxiety. (The COMT enzyme transfers a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine to the catecholamine neurotransmitters, thereby inactivating them). | Associated with highest COMT activity and shortest dopamine half-life | Typically calm, focused, and see tasks through to the end | Neurotransmitters ie. catecholamines: dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine
Homovanillic acid (HVA) and Vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) can also be measured in urine as a reflection of the enzyme activity of COMT. 4 point cortisol |
X | With a DRD2 A/A variant, these individuals often show the highest reward seeking behaviour. To make up for the lack of dopamine, and the reduced sense of pleasure gained from eating, these individuals often show a strong potential for food dependency and grazing/snacking behaviours, with cravings for unhealthy food choices high in sugar and processed carbohydrates. With a DRD2 G/G variant this is a rarer combination where individuals exhibit strong pleasure responses, With a DRD2 A/G variant, these individuals tend to develop a healthy relationship with food. However, healthy, palatable food choices are recommended to enhance the pleasure experience, which may be somewhat fleeting for some (reduced pleasure duration due to the COMT G/G). |
X | X | Stress response Mental health Cognitive function Pain sensitivity Hormone balance (estrogen clearance) Detoxification |
|||||
CYP17A1 G/G | Synthesizes Testosterone | CYP17A1 catalyzes 17α-hydroxylase responsible for the biotransformation of pregnenolone and progesterone and influences the rate at which progesterone is converted into testosterone. This is the first step in the hormone production process and is a critical step in determining the degree to which your hormones will influence your overall health and wellness. | This genotype is associated with increased conversion of progesterone into testosterone and is associated with dominant hormone profiles. You are more likely to carry higher levels of androgens like testosterone and DHT. As a result, you may notice symptoms associated with androgen dominance such as cystic acne, hair thinning and balding, increased lean muscle mass, increased body and facial hair and a generally leaner and more muscular frame.
Women: Associated with increased enzyme expression, enzyme activity and circulating levels of estradiol in premenopausal women, earlier menarche, and increase in total lifetime estrogen exposure. The G allele is also associated with an increased risk for PCOS, infertility in those with stage I-II endometriosis, and breast cancer in women who had been treated with HRT for greater than 10 years. This variation interacts with with soy isoflavones to reduce the risk of breast cancer in premenopausal Asian women and significantly interacts with phthalate exposure to increase the risk of leiomyoma. Men: Associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer in African Americans (not seen in Caucasian or Asian populations). |
Progesterone conversion by CYP17A1 is preserved for glucocorticoid synthesis which is susceptible to depletion during high cortisol demand and production during prolonged periods of stress.
Females are more likely to have smaller breasts, narrower hips, and carry a potentially increased risk of premature ovarian failure, irregular ovulation, and PCOS. If you also carry the T/T version of the CYP19A1 gene discussed later in this section, then the above characteristics are less likely to occur.Also associated with increased CYP17A1 expression and activity with increased circulating estradiol levels and potentially increased risk of hormone related diseases, especially in premenopausal women |
Comprehensive Hormones (consider DUTCH)
17-Hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) |
X | X | Hormone balance High blood pressure |
||||||||
CYP17A1 A/G | Synthesizes Testosterone | CYP17A1 catalyzes 17α-hydroxylase responsible for the biotransformation of pregnenolone and progesterone and influences the rate at which progesterone is converted into testosterone. This is the first step in the hormone production process and is a critical step in determining the degree to which your hormones will influence your overall health and wellness. | This genotype is associated with increased conversion of progesterone into testosterone and is associated with dominant hormone profiles. You are more likely to carry higher levels of androgens like testosterone and DHT. As a result, you may notice symptoms associated with androgen dominance such as cystic acne, hair thinning and balding, increased lean muscle mass, increased body and facial hair and a generally leaner and more muscular frame. Women: Associated with increased enzyme expression, enzyme activity and circulating levels of estradiol in premenopausal women, earlier menarche, and increase in total lifetime estrogen exposure. The G allele is also associated with an increased risk for PCOS, infertility in those with stage I-II endometriosis, and breast cancer in women who had been treated with HRT for greater than 10 years. This variation interacts with with soy isoflavones to reduce the risk of breast cancer in premenopausal Asian women and significantly interacts with phthalate exposure to increase the risk of leiomyoma. Men: Associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer in African Americans (not seen in Caucasian or Asian populations). |
Progesterone conversion by CYP17A1 is preserved for glucocorticoid synthesis which is susceptible to depletion during high cortisol demand and production during prolonged periods of stress.
Females are more likely to have smaller breasts, narrower hips, and carry a potentially increased risk of premature ovarian failure, irregular ovulation, and PCOS. If you also carry the T/T version of the CYP19A1 gene discussed later in this section, then the above characteristics are less likely to occur.Also associated with increased CYP17A1 expression and activity with increased circulating estradiol levels and potentially increased risk of hormone related diseases, especially in premenopausal women |
Comprehensive Hormones (consider DUTCH)
17-Hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) |
X | X | Hormone balance High blood pressure |
||||||||
CYP17A1 A/A | Synthesizes Testosterone | CYP17A1 catalyzes 17α-hydroxylase responsible for the biotransformation of pregnenolone and progesterone and influences the rate at which progesterone is converted into testosterone. This is the first step in the hormone production process and is a critical step in determining the degree to which your hormones will influence your overall health and wellness. | Associated with low CYP17A1 expression and activity with no association to elevated estradiol levels or risk of hormone related diseases, especially in premenopausal women, and a later onset of menarche compared to G genotype variations | Progesterone conversion by CYP17A1 is preserved for glucocorticoid synthesis which is susceptible to depletion during high cortisol demand and production during prolonged periods of stress | Comprehensive Hormones (consider DUTCH)
17-Hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) |
X | X | Hormone balance High blood pressure |
||||||||
CYP19A1 T/T | Synthesizes Estrogen | CYP19A1 catalyzes aromatase and is the rate-limiting step in the conversion of androgens into estrogens | Associated with increased CYP19A1 expression and enzyme activity with increased levels of estrogens and estrogen to androgen ratios, especially in postmenopausal women | The T allele variant is associated with elevated estradiol levels and with increased estrogen to androgen ratios and is associated with Premature Ovarian Failure. This genotype is also associated with estrogenized characteristics such as larger breasts and wider hips in females, and a less muscular or defined physique in males. You may find that you need to work harder in the gym to reduce your fat and increase muscle mass. You may also see an increased prevalence of cellulite, particularly around the midsection, upper thighs, buttocks, and arms. | Comprehensive Hormones (consider DUTCH)
Rstradiol |
X | High cholesterol Estrogen dominant issues Acne |
|||||||||
CYP19A1 C/T | Synthesizes Estrogen | CYP19A1 catalyzes aromatase and is the rate-limiting step in the conversion of androgens into estrogens | Associated with moderate CYP19A1 expression and enzyme activity with moderately reduced levels of estrogens and estrogen to androgen ratios, especially in postmenopausal women | This genotype is associated with normal CYP19A1 activity and a normal conversion of testosterone into estrogen. | Comprehensive Hormones (consider DUTCH)
Rstradiol |
X | High cholesterol Estrogen dominant issues Acne |
|||||||||
CYP19A1 C/C | Synthesizes Estrogen | CYP19A1 catalyzes aromatase and is the rate-limiting step in the conversion of androgens into estrogens | Associated with reduced CYP19A1 expression and enzyme activity with reduced levels of estrogens and estrogen to androgen ratios, especially in postmenopausal women | The C allele is associated with reduced levels of estradiol, estrone, and ratios of estradiol to testosterone and estrone to androstenedione. One is more likely to have higher levels of androgens than estrogens, and may be at an increased risk of health concerns associated with low levels of estrogen if you’re a female.This association becomes even more clinically significant in postmenopausal women. | Comprehensive Hormones (consider DUTCH)
Rstradiol |
X | High cholesterol Estrogen dominant issues Acne |
|||||||||
CYP1A1 G/G | Synthesizes 2OHe / detox of chemicals | Cytochrome 1A1 (CYP1A1) is the major enzyme responsible for the conversion of estrogens into 2-hydroxy-estrogen (2-OHE) metabolites. 2-OHE catechols are generally considered protective, reflective of their inert hormone activity | Associated with increased enzyme activity and increased production of 2-OH-estrogen metabolites. However, also associated with increased enzyme inducibility upon exposure to toxins with increased risk of toxic intermediate and ROS accumulation | The G variant is often poor at metabolizing a wide variety of environmental genotoxic compounds, such as polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (typically produced from combustion of organic materials, tobacco smoke and charbroiled meats), polychlorinated biphenyls, and AHH (aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase) and may be at an increased risk of certain types of cancer (breast, prostate, ovarian). This allele is found in 18-33% of Asians, 2-10% of Caucasians and 81-100% in Amerindian populations living in South America. Quercetin may inhibit CYP1A1 expression. | CA 125 CA 15-3 PSA |
X | Cancer PCOS Diabetes Pneumonia and ARDS |
|||||||||
CYP1A1 G/A | Synthesizes 2OHe / detox of chemicals | Cytochrome 1A1 (CYP1A1) is the major enzyme responsible for the conversion of estrogens into 2-hydroxy-estrogen (2-OHE) metabolites. 2-OHE catechols are generally considered protective, reflective of their inert hormone activity | Associated with increased enzyme activity and increased production of 2-OH-estrogen metabolites. However, also associated with increased enzyme inducibility upon exposure to toxins with increased risk of toxic intermediate and ROS accumulation | The G variant is often poor at metabolizing a wide variety of environmental genotoxic compounds, such as polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (typically produced from combustion of organic materials, tobacco smoke and charbroiled meats), polychlorinated biphenyls, and AHH (aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase) and may be at an increased risk of certain types of cancer (breast, prostate, ovarian). This allele is found in 18-33% of Asians, 2-10% of Caucasians and 81-100% in Amerindian populations living in South America. Quercetin may inhibit CYP1A1 expression. | CA 125 CA 15-3 PSA |
X | Cancer PCOS Diabetes Pneumonia and ARDS |
|||||||||
CYP1A1 A/A | Synthesizes 2OHe / detox of chemicals | Cytochrome 1A1 (CYP1A1) is the major enzyme responsible for the conversion of estrogens into 2-hydroxy-estrogen (2-OHE) metabolites. 2-OHE catechols are generally considered protective, reflective of their inert hormone activity | Associated with decreased enzyme activity and decreased production of 2-OH-estrogen metabolites. Also associated with low enzyme inducibility upon exposure to toxins with reduced risk of toxic intermediate and ROS accumulation | X | Cancer PCOS Diabetes Pneumonia and ARDS |
|||||||||||
CYP1A2 C/C | Phase 1 detox | The Coffee Gene | The CYP1A2 gene encodes CYP1A2, a member of the cytochrome p450 super family of enzymes. CYP1A2, which is a heme-containing monooxegenase, catalyzes the hydroxylation of its substrates. There are over 100 substrates metabolized by the CYP1A2 enzyme but it is most commonly known for its part in caffeine metabolism. In addition, the CYP1A2 enzyme is also involved in endogenous compound metabolism, including in the production of beneficial estrogens [2-hydroxyestrone (2- OHE1)] and in converting arachidonic acid to epoxyeicosatrienoic acids, which have anti- inflammatory properties. | C/C homozygotes are considered ‘slow metabolizers’. (Only those with the A/A genotype exhibit increased catalytic activity of CYP1A2. These individuals are considered ‘fast metabolizers’, exhibited through an increased metabolism of caffeine.) | Interestingly, C allele carriers (and not the A/A genotype) are shown to have a decreased risk of breast cancer with the consumption of 1 cup of coffee per day. However, due to reduced clearance of caffeine, overconsumption of caffeine by C allele carriers has been linked to an increased risk of hypertension. CYP1A2 expression can be both induced and inhibited by a host of nutrients and xenobiotics, some of which are in themselves substrates of CYP1A2. Therefore, CYP1A2 expression is subject to both positive and negative feedback. For example, cruciferous vegetables increase CYP1A2 expression, whereas common cooking ingredients such as cumin and turmeric (particularly in South Asian cuisine) are known to inhibit the enzyme. Accordingly, cruciferous vegetables cooked in cumin and turmeric do not induce CYP1A2 expression, yet maintain all of their nutrient rich benefits. The latter factors are important nutrigenomic considerations when considered in the context of SNPs that inherently alter the enzymatic activity of the encoded CYP1A2. |
|||||||||||
CYP1B1 G/G | Sytnhesizes 4OHe | Cytochrome 1B1 (CYP1B1) is the major enzyme responsible for the conversion of estrogens into 4-hydroxy-estrogen (4-OHE) metabolites. The 4-OHE estrogens are considered proliferative and carcinogenic as a result of their retained estrogenic activity and quinone by-products | Associated with increased enzyme activity, increased production of 4-OH-estrogen metabolites with potentially increased DNA damaging events (with inducing environmental factors). | The G variant is associated with a decrease in VMS (vasomotor symptoms) related to menopause (hot flashes, night sweats, and /or cold sweats) in African women | Comprehensive Hormones (consider DUTCH) Estradiol Estrone 2-hydroxyestrone (CYP1B1 enzyme metabolite) |
X | ||||||||||
CYP1B1 G/C | Sytnhesizes 4OHe | Cytochrome 1B1 (CYP1B1) is the major enzyme responsible for the conversion of estrogens into 4-hydroxy-estrogen (4-OHE) metabolites. The 4-OHE estrogens are considered proliferative and carcinogenic as a result of their retained estrogenic activity and quinone by-products | Associated with increased enzyme activity, increased production of 4-OH-estrogen metabolites with potentially increased DNA damaging events (with inducing environmental factors). | The G variant is associated with a decrease in VMS (vasomotor symptoms) related to menopause (hot flashes, night sweats, and /or cold sweats) in African women | Comprehensive Hormones (consider DUTCH) Estradiol Estrone 2-hydroxyestrone (CYP1B1 enzyme metabolite) |
X | ||||||||||
CYP1B1 C/C | Sytnhesizes 4OHe | Cytochrome 1B1 (CYP1B1) is the major enzyme responsible for the conversion of estrogens into 4-hydroxy-estrogen (4-OHE) metabolites. The 4-OHE estrogens are considered proliferative and carcinogenic as a result of their retained estrogenic activity and quinone by-products | Associated with decreased enzyme activity, decreased production of 4-OH-estrogen metabolites with potentially decreased DNA damaging events (with inducing environmental factors). | The C/C genotype is associated with higher concentrations of luteal estradiol. Like many of the cytochrome P450 enzymes, the risk associated with CYP1B1 genotype/activity is highly variable depending on environmental exposures. The C/C variant may be protected from high levels of 4-OHE, however, if they smoke there is increased CYP1B1 activation of environmental toxins, including benzopyrene. | X | Genistein, raspberries, blueberries and ellagic acid reduce xenobiotic-induced CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 expression and inhibit their catalytic activity | ||||||||||
CYP2R1 G/G | D2 -> D3 | The CYP2R1 gene is a member of the cytochrome (CYP) 450 superfamily of phase I detoxifying enzymes and encodes vitamin D 25-hydroxylase, which is the key enzyme that activates vitamin D from its pre-formed type (obtained through sun exposure and the diet). | Associated with suboptimal activation of vitamin D and suboptimal levels of circulating vitamin D | 25OHD | Vitamin D is important for immune system health, so ensure adequate intake through exposure to sunlight (10 minutes high noon without sunblock), a balanced diet that includes vitamin D-rich foods such as fatty fish, eggs, and mushrooms, and through supplementation. | Fatty fish: salmon, mackerel, and sardines are good sources of Vitamin D.
Eggs: Many brands of eggs are now fortified with Vitamin D. Mushroom: Some types of mushrooms, such as shiitake, have been shown to have Vitamin D. Fortified Foods: Foods like milk, yogurt, and orange juice are often fortified with Vitamin D. Beef liver: Beef liver is a rich source of Vitamin D. It’s important to note that while consuming these foods can help improve Vitamin D levels, they may not provide enough of the vitamin to meet daily requirements |
X | X | ||||||||
CYP2R1 G/A | D2 -> D3 | The CYP2R1 gene is a member of the cytochrome (CYP) 450 superfamily of phase I detoxifying enzymes and encodes vitamin D 25-hydroxylase, which is the key enzyme that activates vitamin D from its pre-formed type (obtained through sun exposure and the diet). | Associated with suboptimal activation of vitamin D and suboptimal levels of circulating vitamin D | This variant is the more common genotype (which in turn is associated with higher levels of vitamin D when compared to G/G genotypes) | 25OHD | Vitamin D is important for immune system health, so ensure adequate intake through exposure to sunlight (10 minutes high noon without sunblock), a balanced diet that includes vitamin D-rich foods such as fatty fish, eggs, and mushrooms, and through supplementation. | Fatty fish: salmon, mackerel, and sardines are good sources of Vitamin D.
Eggs: Many brands of eggs are now fortified with Vitamin D. Mushroom: Some types of mushrooms, such as shiitake, have been shown to have Vitamin D. Fortified Foods: Foods like milk, yogurt, and orange juice are often fortified with Vitamin D. Beef liver: Beef liver is a rich source of Vitamin D. It’s important to note that while consuming these foods can help improve Vitamin D levels, they may not provide enough of the vitamin to meet daily requirements |
X | X | |||||||
CYP2R1 A/A | D2 -> D3 | The CYP2R1 gene is a member of the cytochrome (CYP) 450 superfamily of phase I detoxifying enzymes and encodes vitamin D 25-hydroxylase, which is the key enzyme that activates vitamin D from its pre-formed type (obtained through sun exposure and the diet). | Associated with optimal activation of vitamin D and optimal levels of circulating vitamin D | This variant is less common and associated with the higher levels of vitamin D when compared to the more common A/G genotype (which in turn is associated with higher levels of vitamin D when compared to G/G genotypes) | X | X | ||||||||||
CYP3A4 G/G | Synthesizes 16OHe | Cytochrome 3A4 (CYP3A4) is a major catalyst in the hydroxylation of steroid hormones, including estradiol, estrone and testosterone. CYP3A4 is one of the most abundant cytochrome P450 enzymes found within the liver and small intestines, responsible for the metabolism of approximately 50- 60% of available pharmaceuticals, including oral contraceptives. | Associated with increased enzyme activity and increased production of 16α-OH-estrogen metabolites. Also associated with increased catabolism of testosterone. | CYP3A4 is expressed in the prostate, breast, stomach, colon, small intestine and liver. CYP3A4 metabolizes a large number of environmental chemicals, therapeutic drugs and steroid hormones, including testosterone, progesterone, cortisol and vitamin D.
The CYP3A4 metabolite of estrone, 16α-OHE1, maintains its estrogenic properties and can lead to unregulated cellular proliferation.64,65 A low ratio of 2-OHE1 : 16-OHE1 is implicated in breast and endometrial cancer. The G variants are associated with early-onset-menarche (African American, Hispanic and Caucasian). It is also associated with a decrease in the oxidation of testosterone (deactivation) and with concomitant higher Gleason grade and TNM stage prostate cancer in men over the age of 65. The prevalence of the G allele in African American men may contribute to the increased risk of prostate cancer in this population. The G/G genotype is also associated with an increased risk of invasive ovarian cancer in African Americans, but not in Caucasian or Asian populations. |
Comprehensive Hormones (consider DUTCH: 2-hydroxyestrone (2-OHE1) and 16alpha-hydroxyestrone (16alpha-OHE1) to assess the activity of the CYP3A4 enzyme in metabolizing estrogen) | X | CYP3A4 enzyme activity is significantly modifiable. St. John’s Wort, glucocorticoids, smoking, alcohol and oral contraceptives all induce CYP3A4 expression, while grapefruit juice strongly inhibits it. Inhibition is shown to increase circulating levels of estrogen and the bioavailability of many drugs. | drug metabolism and synthesis of cholesterol, steroids and other lipids. | ||||||||
CYP3A4 G/A | Synthesizes 16OHe | Cytochrome 3A4 (CYP3A4) is a major catalyst in the hydroxylation of steroid hormones, including estradiol, estrone and testosterone. CYP3A4 is one of the most abundant cytochrome P450 enzymes found within the liver and small intestines, responsible for the metabolism of approximately 50- 60% of available pharmaceuticals, including oral contraceptives. | Associated with increased enzyme activity and increased production of 16α-OH-estrogen metabolites. Also associated with increased catabolism of testosterone. | CYP3A4 is expressed in the prostate, breast, stomach, colon, small intestine and liver. CYP3A4 metabolizes a large number of environmental chemicals, therapeutic drugs and steroid hormones, including testosterone, progesterone, cortisol and vitamin D.
The CYP3A4 metabolite of estrone, 16α-OHE1, maintains its estrogenic properties and can lead to unregulated cellular proliferation.64,65 A low ratio of 2-OHE1 : 16-OHE1 is implicated in breast and endometrial cancer. The G variants are associated with early-onset-menarche (African American, Hispanic and Caucasian). It is also associated with a decrease in the oxidation of testosterone (deactivation) and with concomitant higher Gleason grade and TNM stage prostate cancer in men over the age of 65. The prevalence of the G allele in African American men may contribute to the increased risk of prostate cancer in this population. The G/G genotype is also associated with an increased risk of invasive ovarian cancer in African Americans, but not in Caucasian or Asian populations. |
Comprehensive Hormones (consider DUTCH: 2-hydroxyestrone (2-OHE1) and 16alpha-hydroxyestrone (16alpha-OHE1) to assess the activity of the CYP3A4 enzyme in metabolizing estrogen) | X | CYP3A4 enzyme activity is significantly modifiable. St. John’s Wort, glucocorticoids, smoking, alcohol and oral contraceptives all induce CYP3A4 expression, while grapefruit juice strongly inhibits it. Inhibition is shown to increase circulating levels of estrogen and the bioavailability of many drugs. | drug metabolism and synthesis of cholesterol, steroids and other lipids. | ||||||||
CYP3A4 A/A | Synthesizes 16OHe | Cytochrome 3A4 (CYP3A4) is a major catalyst in the hydroxylation of steroid hormones, including estradiol, estrone and testosterone. CYP3A4 is one of the most abundant cytochrome P450 enzymes found within the liver and small intestines, responsible for the metabolism of approximately 50- 60% of available pharmaceuticals, including oral contraceptives. | Associated with decreased enzyme activity and decreased production of 16α-OH-estrogen metabolites. Also associated with decreased catabolism of testosterone. | The A/A variant is associated with preferential response to several pharmaceuticals that are metabolized via CYP3A4 (due to slower metabolic clearance). Those with ovarian cancer are associated with increased survival when treated with platinum and taxane chemotherapeutics (due to the reduced clearance or these drugs in A/A genotypes) | X | drug metabolism and synthesis of cholesterol, steroids and other lipids. | ||||||||||
DRD2 G/G | Dopamine binding | The Thrill Seeker | Dopamine receptor D2 is one of the most important dopamine receptors and is responsible for dopamine binding to the post-synaptic neuron. Binding stimulates the dopaminergic pathway, establishes the experience of pleasure, and is important in reward-motivated behaviour. | Associated with highest expression of post-synaptic neuronal DRD2 receptors with highest dopamine binding, post-synaptic activation and pleasure response | This variant has an increased dopamine binding to the postsynaptic neuron and therefore an increased pleasure response and decreased likelihood of addictive behaviour. While the increased capacity to bind dopamine may generally be considered a positive outcome, G/G genotypes can be prone to binge-like behaviour secondary to intense and prolonged post- synaptic activation (exaggerated when combined with the COMT A/A variant) | Neurotransmitters (esp dopamine)
Homovanillic acid (HVA) |
With COMT A/A This combination often exhibits the most intense experience of pleasure. If deprived of food for an extended period of time, these individuals will most likely engage in binge eating, especially with foods they love (like chocolate). With COMT G/A With COMT G/G |
X | Movement disorders Substance abuse Addiction Schizophrenia Bipolar disorder PTSD |
|||||||
DRD2 G/A | Dopamine binding | The Thrill Seeker | Dopamine receptor D2 is one of the most important dopamine receptors and is responsible for dopamine binding to the post-synaptic neuron. Binding stimulates the dopaminergic pathway, establishes the experience of pleasure, and is important in reward-motivated behaviour. | Associated with moderate expression of post-synaptic neuronal DRD2 receptors with moderate dopamine binding, post-synaptic activation and pleasure response |
The A/A variant can be associated with increased impulsivity and mood disorders, but this variant (A/G) appears to ameliorate this association | Neurotransmitters (esp dopamine)
Homovanillic acid (HVA) |
With COMT G/G
This is one of the most common combinations and these individuals tend to develop a healthy relationship with food. However, healthy, palatable food choices are recommended to enhance the pleasure experience, which may be somewhat fleeting for some (reduced pleasure duration due to the COMT G/G). With COMT G/A This combination is considered at With COMT A/A Despite belonging to the more medial or ‘balanced-pleasure’ group, these individuals can be prone to impulsive eating behaviours especially when indulging in foods that are known pleasure inducers after prolonged periods of abstinence. |
X | Movement disorders Substance abuse Addiction Schizophrenia Bipolar disorder PTSD |
|||||||
DRD2 A/A | Dopamine binding | The Thrill Seeker | Dopamine receptor D2 is one of the most important dopamine receptors and is responsible for dopamine binding to the post-synaptic neuron. Binding stimulates the dopaminergic pathway, establishes the experience of pleasure, and is important in reward-motivated behaviour. | Associated with lowest expression of post-synaptic DRD2 receptors with lowest dopamine binding, post-synaptic activation and pleasure response | There is a strong association between the A allele and reduced dopamine binding to post-synaptic neurons, reduced pleasure response and increased pleasure/reward-seeking (addictive) behaviour. Lower DRD2 expression in the striatum of the brain, with concomitant reduced postsynaptic dopamine binding and pleasure response (satisfaction), increases the risk for substance abuse, obesity, ADHD and depression. Not surprisingly, DRD2 is the target of most antipsychotics currently in use.
This variant can also be associated with increased impulsivity, mood disorders, obesity secondary to grazing behaviour (assumed to be in compensation for a diminished sense of satisfaction), and has been associated with a reduced ability to learn from mistakes as well as a greater likelihood to make the same mistake repeatedly (despite negative feedback) |
Neurotransmitters (esp dopamine)
Homovanillic acid (HVA) |
To help with addictive tendencies: Seek support: Talking to friends, family, or a mental health professional can provide support and help you manage addictive tendencies.
Practice stress management techniques: Techniques such as meditation, deep breathing, and progressive muscle relaxation can help to reduce stress and reduce the risk of engaging in addictive behaviors. Engage in regular physical activity: Regular physical activity has been shown to improve mood, reduce stress, and provide a healthy outlet for stress and emotions. Get enough sleep: Aim for 7-9 hours of sleep per night, as lack of sleep can negatively impact mood and increase the risk of engaging in addictive behaviors. Eat a healthy diet: A diet rich in whole foods, such as fruits and vegetables, whole grains, lean protein sources, and healthy fats, can provide essential nutrients for overall health and well-being. Find healthy ways to cope with stress and negative emotions: Strategies such as journaling, spending time in nature, or pursuing hobbies can help to provide a healthy outlet for stress and negative emotions. Avoid drugs and alcohol: Substance abuse can worsen addictive tendencies, and it’s important to seek help if you have a problem with substance abuse. |
With COMT G/G This combination often shows the highest reward seeking behaviour. To make up for the lack of dopamine, and the reduced sense of pleasure gained from eating, these individuals often show a strong potential for food dependency and grazing/snacking behaviours, with cravings for unhealthy food choices high in sugar and processed carbohydrates. With COMT G/A With COMT A/A |
X | Movement disorders Substance abuse Addiction Schizophrenia Bipolar disorder PTSD |
||||||
FIP1B1 | Gene fusion | |||||||||||||||
FOXO3 | Longevity | The FOXO3 (forkhead box O3) gene provides instructions for making a transcription factor protein called FOXO3 involved in regulating a variety of biological processes, including cell growth, differentiation, and death, insulin sensitivity, and the response to oxidative stress all which have been associated with increased lifespan and reduced risk of age-related diseases | Telomere | X | ||||||||||||
FOXO3 | Longevity | The FOXO3 (forkhead box O3) gene provides instructions for making a transcription factor protein called FOXO3 involved in regulating a variety of biological processes, including cell growth, differentiation, and death, insulin sensitivity, and the response to oxidative stress all which have been associated with increased lifespan and reduced risk of age-related diseases | X | |||||||||||||
FOXO3 | Longevity | The FOXO3 (forkhead box O3) gene provides instructions for making a transcription factor protein called FOXO3 involved in regulating a variety of biological processes, including cell growth, differentiation, and death, insulin sensitivity, and the response to oxidative stress all which have been associated with increased lifespan and reduced risk of age-related diseases | X | |||||||||||||
FTO A/A | Satiety “Obesity” | The Personal Trainer | FTO it is the most studied gene in relation to obesity. Individuals carrying the ‘A’ allele have difficulties becoming satiated, with concomitant effects on eating behaviours, appetite and predisposition to obesity. | Associated with low postprandial satiety with increased risk of obesity | In addition to low satiety, the A allele can also affect food preferences. A genotypes tend to crave high-sugar and high-fat foods and tend to gain weight as a function of low satiety, as well as being inclined to poor dietary choices.
This variant may have a pattern of reduction in brain volume in carriers of the obesity-associated |
Body fat percentage: Body mass index (BMI) or Bioimpedence Analysis (BIA)
Metabolic markers including: Fasting glucose, A1c, Lipid Panel etc. |
Recommended diet: Low Glycemic Index.
Focus on nutrient-dense foods: Choose foods that are high in fiber, protein, and healthy fats, such as fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean protein sources, and healthy oils. Control portion sizes: Use smaller plates and bowls, and be mindful of how much you’re eating. Eat slowly and mindfully: Pay attention to your body’s hunger and fullness cues, and eat until you’re satisfied, not stuffed. To help strengthen the ability to recognize satiety this person must learn to tune into hunger cues by paying attention to the difference between “head hunger”, and real hunger. Stress hunger or head hunger can sometimes mask as real hunger and challenge your ability to feel satisfied after a meal Include protein at each meal: Protein-rich foods can help you feel full and satisfied for longer periods of time. Avoid sugary and high-fat foods: Foods high in sugar and fat are often calorie-dense, low in nutrients, and can lead to overeating. Hydrate: Drink plenty of water throughout the day, as thirst can sometimes be mistaken for hunger. |
X | Obesity High blood sugar Insulin resistance & type 2 diabetes |
|||||||
FTO A/T | Satiety “Obesity” | The Personal Trainer | FTO it is the most studied gene in relation to obesity. Individuals carrying the ‘A’ allele have difficulties becoming satiated, with concomitant effects on eating behaviours, appetite and predisposition to obesity. | Associated with moderate postprandial satiety with moderate risk of obesity | In addition to low satiety, the A allele can also affect food preferences. A genotypes tend to crave high-sugar and high-fat foods and tend to gain weight as a function of low satiety, as well as being inclined to poor dietary choices.
This variant may have a pattern of reduction in brain volume in carriers of the obesity-associated |
Body fat percentage: Body mass index (BMI) or Bioimpedence Analysis (BIA)
Metabolic markers including: Fasting glucose, A1c, Lipid Panel etc. |
Recommended diet: Low Glycemic Index.
Focus on nutrient-dense foods: Choose foods that are high in fiber, protein, and healthy fats, such as fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean protein sources, and healthy oils. Control portion sizes: Use smaller plates and bowls, and be mindful of how much you’re eating. Eat slowly and mindfully: Pay attention to your body’s hunger and fullness cues, and eat until you’re satisfied, not stuffed. To help strengthen the ability to recognize satiety this person must learn to tune into hunger cues by paying attention to the difference between “head hunger”, and real hunger. Stress hunger or head hunger can sometimes mask as real hunger and challenge your ability to feel satisfied after a meal Include protein at each meal: Protein-rich foods can help you feel full and satisfied for longer periods of time. Avoid sugary and high-fat foods: Foods high in sugar and fat are often calorie-dense, low in nutrients, and can lead to overeating. Hydrate: Drink plenty of water throughout the day, as thirst can sometimes be mistaken for hunger |
X | Obesity High blood sugar Insulin resistance & type 2 diabetes |
|||||||
FTO T/T | Satiety “Obesity” | The Personal Trainer | FTO it is the most studied gene in relation to obesity. Individuals carrying the ‘A’ allele have difficulties becoming satiated, with concomitant effects on eating behaviours, appetite and predisposition to obesity. | Associated with normal postprandial satiety with reduced risk of obesity in healthy individuals | X | Obesity High blood sugar Insulin resistance & type 2 diabetes |
||||||||||
FUT2 G/G | B12 absorption in gut | The Postal Worker | The FUT2 gene encodes the FUT2 enzyme found in epithelial tissues, gastrointestinal mucosa and salivary glands. This SNP shows a significant association with plasma vitamin B12 concentrations. | Associated with low/suboptimal enzyme function and plasma cobalamin levels (particularly in the context of a vegetarian diet) | G allele carriers are associated with significantly lower levels of plasma B12
Especially when combined with a vegetarian die, this variant is associated with significantly lower levels of B12 compared to those consuming a non-vegetarian diet may specifically benefit from sublingual or intramuscular supplementation with methyl B12 |
Serum B12
Holotranscobalamin (holoTC) test (active form of B12 in the blood, which can be more accurate than measuring total B12 levels) Serum methylmalonic acid (MMA) (early or mild deficiency) Homocysteine (high levels of homocysteine correlate to a B12 deficiency) |
Individuals with this variant of the FUT2 gene may be more susceptible to viral infections, such as rotavirus, and other types of infections, such as urinary tract infections caused by E. coli bacteria.
As it relates to vitamin B12, deficiencies have been linked to an increased risk of infections, including respiratory infections and other illnesses that can weaken the immune system. B12 deficiencies can lead to changes in immune cell function, including a reduction in the production of cytokines necessary for immune health. |
This genotype is associated with non-secretor status, meaning that individuals with this genotype do not secrete Lewis antigens on their red blood cells and other tissues. This has been linked to an increased risk for cardiovascular disease through various mechanisms, such as changes in gut microbiota, alterations in the gut-vascular axis, and increased inflammation. | Diet: Consuming a nutrient-dense diet that includes B vitamins (such as folate, B6, and B12), betaine, choline, and other methylation-supporting nutrients can help improve methylation.
Supplements: Taking methylation-specific supplements, such as methylfolate, B vitamins, and N-Acetylcysteine (NAC), may also help improve methylation. Lifestyle changes: Reducing stress, improving sleep, and engaging in regular physical activity can also help improve methylation and overall health. Avoiding triggers: Certain environmental triggers, such as exposure to toxins and pollutants, can negatively impact methylation. Avoiding these triggers or reducing exposure to them can help improve methylation. |
X | If MTR is A/A use Mehtylcobalamin; If MTR is A/G or G/G use Adenosylcobalamin | B12 levels Gut health |
||||
FUT2 A/G | B12 absorption in gut | The Postal Worker | The FUT2 gene encodes the FUT2 enzyme found in epithelial tissues, gastrointestinal mucosa and salivary glands. This SNP shows a significant association with plasma vitamin B12 concentrations. | Associated with moderate/possibly suboptimal enzyme function and plasma cobalamin levels | G allele carriers are associated with significantly lower levels of plasma B12
Especially when combined with a vegetarian die, this variant is associated with significantly lower levels of B12 compared to those consuming a non-vegetarian diet may specifically benefit from sublingual or intramuscular supplementation with methyl B12 |
Serum B12
Holotranscobalamin (holoTC) test (active form of B12 in the blood, which can be more accurate than measuring total B12 levels) Serum methylmalonic acid (MMA) (early or mild deficiency) Homocysteine (high levels of homocysteine correlate to a B12 deficiency) |
Individuals with this variant of the FUT2 gene may be more susceptible to viral infections, such as rotavirus, and other types of infections, such as urinary tract infections caused by E. coli bacteria.
As it relates to vitamin B12, deficiencies have been linked to an increased risk of infections, including respiratory infections and other illnesses that can weaken the immune system. B12 deficiencies can lead to changes in immune cell function, including a reduction in the production of cytokines necessary for immune health. |
This variant may been linked to an increased risk for cardiovascular disease through various mechanisms, such as changes in gut microbiota, alterations in the gut-vascular axis, and increased inflammation. | Diet: Consuming a nutrient-dense diet that includes B vitamins (such as folate, B6, and B12), betaine, choline, and other methylation-supporting nutrients can help improve methylation.
Supplements: Taking methylation-specific supplements, such as methylfolate, B vitamins, and N-Acetylcysteine (NAC), may also help improve methylation. Lifestyle changes: Reducing stress, improving sleep, and engaging in regular physical activity can also help improve methylation and overall health. Avoiding triggers: Certain environmental triggers, such as exposure to toxins and pollutants, can negatively impact methylation. Avoiding these triggers or reducing exposure to them can help improve methylation. |
X | If MTR is A/A use Mehtylcobalamin; If MTR is A/G or G/G use Adenosylcobalamin | B12 levels Gut health |
||||
FUT2 A/A | B12 absorption in gut | The Postal Worker | The FUT2 gene encodes the FUT2 enzyme found in epithelial tissues, gastrointestinal mucosa and salivary glands. This SNP shows a significant association with plasma vitamin B12 concentrations. | Associated with optimal enzyme function and plasma cobalamin levels | This variant is associated with optimal B12 plasma concentrations | X | n/a | B12 levels Gut health |
||||||||
GC/VDBP A/A | Vit D transport | The group-specific component (GC) is the major vitamin D transport protein in the blood. This gene encodes the vitamin D binding protein (VDBP), which is responsible for the binding, solubilization, bioavailability and transport of vitamin D. | Associated with suboptimal levels of vitamin D | 25OHD and 1-25-hydroxy | Vitamin D is important for immune system health, so ensure adequate intake through exposure to sunlight (10 minutes high noon without sunblock), a balanced diet that includes vitamin D-rich foods such as fatty fish, eggs, and mushrooms, and through supplementation. | Fatty fish: salmon, mackerel, and sardines are good sources of Vitamin D.
Eggs: Many brands of eggs are now fortified with Vitamin D. Mushroom: Some types of mushrooms, such as shiitake, have been shown to have Vitamin D. Fortified Foods: Foods like milk, yogurt, and orange juice are often fortified with Vitamin D. Beef liver: Beef liver is a rich source of Vitamin D. It’s important to note that while consuming these foods can help improve Vitamin D levels, they may not provide enough of the vitamin to meet daily requirements |
X | X | Calcium absorption and bone health Immune system health Heart health Joint health Blood sugar balance |
|||||||
GC/VDBP A/C | Vit D transport | The group-specific component (GC) is the major vitamin D transport protein in the blood. This gene encodes the vitamin D binding protein (VDBP), which is responsible for the binding, solubilization, bioavailability and transport of vitamin D. | Associated with suboptimal levels of vitamin D | 25OHD | Vitamin D is important for immune system health, so ensure adequate intake through exposure to sunlight (10 minutes high noon without sunblock), a balanced diet that includes vitamin D-rich foods such as fatty fish, eggs, and mushrooms, and through supplementation. | Fatty fish: salmon, mackerel, and sardines are good sources of Vitamin D.
Eggs: Many brands of eggs are now fortified with Vitamin D. Mushroom: Some types of mushrooms, such as shiitake, have been shown to have Vitamin D. Fortified Foods: Foods like milk, yogurt, and orange juice are often fortified with Vitamin D. Beef liver: Beef liver is a rich source of Vitamin D. It’s important to note that while consuming these foods can help improve Vitamin D levels, they may not provide enough of the vitamin to meet daily requirements |
X | X | Calcium absorption and bone health Immune system health Heart health Joint health Blood sugar balance |
|||||||
GC/VDBP C/C | Vit D transport | The group-specific component (GC) is the major vitamin D transport protein in the blood. This gene encodes the vitamin D binding protein (VDBP), which is responsible for the binding, solubilization, bioavailability and transport of vitamin D. | Associated with optimal levels of vitamin D | X | X | Calcium absorption and bone health Immune system health Heart health Joint health Blood sugar balance |
||||||||||
GPX C/C | H2O2 -> H20 and O2 | The GPX (glutathione peroxidase) gene provides instructions for making the glutathione peroxidase enzyme, which plays a crucial role in protecting the body from oxidative stress. This enzyme acts as an antioxidant by breaking down hydrogen peroxide and other harmful peroxides in the body into water and oxygen. | Associated with a rapid speed of conversion of hydrogen peroxide into water and diatomic oxygen. | With a T/T version of the SOD2 gene, monitor hydrogen peroxide levels | X | X | X | X | X | cardiovascular disease cancer neurodegenerative disorders |
||||||
GPX C/T | H2O2 -> H20 and O2 | The GPX (glutathione peroxidase) gene provides instructions for making the glutathione peroxidase enzyme, which plays a crucial role in protecting the body from oxidative stress. This enzyme acts as an antioxidant by breaking down hydrogen peroxide and other harmful peroxides in the body into water and oxygen. | Associated with and average speed of conversion of hydrogen peroxide into water and diatomic oxygen. If you also have the T/T version of the SOD2 gene, you may want to speak to your practitioner about monitoring your hydrogen peroxide levels to ensure you’re maintaining appropriate levels. | preferred version especially with the C/T version of SOD2 | X | X | X | X | X | cardiovascular disease cancer neurodegenerative disorders |
||||||
GPX T/T | H2O2 -> H20 and O2 | The GPX (glutathione peroxidase) gene provides instructions for making the glutathione peroxidase enzyme, which plays a crucial role in protecting the body from oxidative stress. This enzyme acts as an antioxidant by breaking down hydrogen peroxide and other harmful peroxides in the body into water and oxygen. | Associated with slower conversion of hydrogen peroxide into water and diatomic oxygen. May have higher levels of hydrogen peroxide that can be damaging to cells | This variant may contribute to the greying and whitening of hair, particularly with C/C version of SOD2 | X | X | X | X | X | cardiovascular disease cancer neurodegenerative disorders |
||||||
GSTM1 0 copies | Glut detox (Liver/gut) | Glutathione-S-transferase (GST) mu is a member of the GST family of phase II detoxification enzymes. The GSTM1 gene encodes one of the primary members of the glutathione S-transferase (GST) family of enzymes. GSTs are responsible for detoxification of many xenobiotics and endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) by catalyzing the conjugation of reduced glutathione to the substrate, and play a key role in protecting cells against oxidative stress. The GSTM1 enzymes are highly expressed in the liver, heart, lung, and brain tissue | Associated with no enzyme production and poorer clearance of substrates with decreased ability to detoxify environmental xenobiotics, pharmaceutics and ROS | 0 copies or null variant genotype of the GSTM1 gene is associated with poor clearance of its target substrates, and subsequently is associated with an increased susceptibility to the their negative effects, including oxidative stress
Clearance is never completely absent due to compensatory induction of other GST members. Interestingly, there are noteworthy positive aspects to null GSTM1 genotypes. Isothiocyanates, metabolized by GSTM1, are found abundantly in cruciferous vegetables, and are shown to have strong chemopreventative properties against certain cancers. Accordingly, those with absent GSTM1 genotypes stand to benefit more from the protective advantage of consuming cruciferous vegetables, by virtue of the reduced elimination of isothiocyanates. |
Glutathione Total
Heavy metals (lead, mercury, and cadmium etc) Organic acid testing (OATs) (pesticides, solvents, and mycotoxins etc) Liver function AST, ALT, ALP, GGT (comprehensive enzymes that assess alcohol, drug, and chemical load) Lipid peroxidation and 8OHdG (malondialdehyde and oxidative stress caused by toxins) |
In many chronic diseases, poor immunity and an increased rate of infections are linked to low glutathione. Viral infections cause excessive oxidative stress due to inflammation which in turn uses up more glutathione. Once glutathione is depleted, immune cells lose their ability to fight infections. Increasing glutathione levels may help improve symptoms and reduce the incidence of viral and bacterial infections
A poorly functioning detoxification system will impair immune function as toxins cause oxidative stress and damage cells leading to inflammation and impaired immune function. Optimizing detoxification can help reduce oxidative stress and support overall health. On the other hand, a healthy immune system is also important for effective detoxification, as the immune system helps to neutralize and remove harmful substances from the body. When the immune system is functioning poorly, it can note effectively recognize and eliminate toxins to effectively manage oxidative stress and inflammation. |
Low activity of glutathione peroxidase and low levels of glutathione are linked with high oxidative stress and an increased likelihood of heart attack. Oxidative stress is a state in which there is an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the body’s antioxidant defense mechanisms, leading to cellular damage. This cellular damage is thought to contribute to the development of heart disease.
Cardiovascular disease is largely caused by oxidative stress in heart tissues. Glutathione can reduce free radicals and, in turn, may prevent stroke or heart attack By neutralizing ROS, glutathione helps to protect the cells and tissues of the cardiovascular system from oxidative damage. Additionally, glutathione can help regulate the production of nitric oxide, which is an important molecule involved in regulating blood flow and blood pressure. |
Consuming foods high in antioxidants, such as fruits and vegetables, can help protect against oxidative stress and support detoxification processes.
Eating foods high in fiber, such as whole grains, can help support the elimination of waste and toxins from the body. Vegetables such as broccoli, cauliflower, and kale contain compounds that support the liver’s detoxification pathways. Garlic, asparagus, and cruciferous vegetables boost glutathione through their sulfur components. Staying hydrated by drinking plenty of water can help support the elimination of waste and toxins from the body. Limit processed and high-fat foods: These foods can increase oxidative stress and burden the detoxification system. Animal food sources, which are higher in cysteine and methionine, can also help increase glutathione levels. Calcium and vitamin B2 (riboflavin) also increase glutathione |
Those with sleep apnea have high levels of oxidative stress and depleted glutathione levels. Some research shows increasing GSH levels to normal improved sleep quality. | Minimize or eliminate when possible exposure to substances that compete for detoxification including: cigarette smoke, charred food, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, steroids, pesticides, herbicides, fungicides, insect sprays, solvents, and toxic heavy metals | Protecting cells and tissues from oxidative damage, which can reduce the risk of age-related diseases. Supporting the immune system, which is critical for overall health and longevity Detoxifying the body, removing harmful substances and supporting liver function Maintaining the levels of other antioxidants, such as vitamins C and E, which can also help protect the body from oxidative damage. |
detoxification carcinogens therapeutic drugs environmental toxins oxidative stress |
||||
GSTM1 1 copy | Glut detox (Liver/gut) | Glutathione-S-transferase (GST) mu is a member of the GST family of phase II detoxification enzymes. The GSTM1 gene encodes one of the primary members of the glutathione S-transferase (GST) family of enzymes. GSTs are responsible for detoxification of many xenobiotics and endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) by catalyzing the conjugation of reduced glutathione to the substrate, and play a key role in protecting cells against oxidative stress. The GSTM1 enzymes are highly expressed in the liver, heart, lung, and brain tissue | Associated with average enzyme function and clearance of substrates with average ability to detoxify environmental xenobiotics, pharmaceutics and ROS | In many chronic diseases, poor immunity and an increased rate of infections are linked to low glutathione. Viral infections cause excessive oxidative stress due to inflammation which in turn uses up more glutathione. Once glutathione is depleted, immune cells lose their ability to fight infections. Increasing glutathione levels may help improve symptoms and reduce the incidence of viral and bacterial infections
A poorly functioning detoxification system will impair immune function as toxins cause oxidative stress and damage cells leading to inflammation and impaired immune function. Optimizing detoxification can help reduce oxidative stress and support overall health. On the other hand, a healthy immune system is also important for effective detoxification, as the immune system helps to neutralize and remove harmful substances from the body. When the immune system is functioning poorly, it can note effectively recognize and eliminate toxins to effectively manage oxidative stress and inflammation. |
Low activity of glutathione peroxidase and low levels of glutathione are linked with high oxidative stress and an increased likelihood of heart attack. Oxidative stress is a state in which there is an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the body’s antioxidant defense mechanisms, leading to cellular damage. This cellular damage is thought to contribute to the development of heart disease.
Cardiovascular disease is largely caused by oxidative stress in heart tissues. Glutathione can reduce free radicals and, in turn, may prevent stroke or heart attack By neutralizing ROS, glutathione helps to protect the cells and tissues of the cardiovascular system from oxidative damage. Additionally, glutathione can help regulate the production of nitric oxide, which is an important molecule involved in regulating blood flow and blood pressure. |
Consuming foods high in antioxidants, such as fruits and vegetables, can help protect against oxidative stress and support detoxification processes.
Eating foods high in fiber, such as whole grains, can help support the elimination of waste and toxins from the body. Vegetables such as broccoli, cauliflower, and kale contain compounds that support the liver’s detoxification pathways. Garlic, asparagus, and cruciferous vegetables boost glutathione through their sulfur components. Staying hydrated by drinking plenty of water can help support the elimination of waste and toxins from the body. Limit processed and high-fat foods: These foods can increase oxidative stress and burden the detoxification system. Animal food sources, which are higher in cysteine and methionine, can also help increase glutathione levels. Calcium and vitamin B2 (riboflavin) also increase glutathione |
Those with sleep apnea have high levels of oxidative stress and depleted glutathione levels. Some research shows increasing GSH levels to normal improved sleep quality. | Minimize or eliminate when possible exposure to substances that compete for detoxification including: cigarette smoke, charred food, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, steroids, pesticides, herbicides, fungicides, insect sprays, solvents, and toxic heavy metals | Protecting cells and tissues from oxidative damage, which can reduce the risk of age-related diseases. Supporting the immune system, which is critical for overall health and longevity Detoxifying the body, removing harmful substances and supporting liver function Maintaining the levels of other antioxidants, such as vitamins C and E, which can also help protect the body from oxidative damage. |
detoxification carcinogens therapeutic drugs environmental toxins oxidative stress |
||||||
GSTM1 2 copies | Glut detox (Liver/gut) | Glutathione-S-transferase (GST) mu is a member of the GST family of phase II detoxification enzymes. The GSTM1 gene encodes one of the primary members of the glutathione S-transferase (GST) family of enzymes. GSTs are responsible for detoxification of many xenobiotics and endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) by catalyzing the conjugation of reduced glutathione to the substrate, and play a key role in protecting cells against oxidative stress. The GSTM1 enzymes are highly expressed in the liver, heart, lung, and brain tissue | Associated with increased enzyme function and clearance of substrates with increased ability to detoxify environmental xenobiotics, pharmaceutics and ROS | detoxification carcinogens therapeutic drugs environmental toxins oxidative stress |
||||||||||||
GSTP1 G/G | Glut detox (Brain/lungs) | The GSTP1 gene encodes glutathione-S-transferase pi 1 (GSTP1), a member of the GST family of enzymes involved in phase II detoxification responsible for catalyzing the glutathione conjugation of xenobiotics, carcinogens, drugs and reactive oxygen species/oxidants (ROS) to deactivate and eliminate them from the body | Associated with sub-optimal enzyme function and suboptimal clearance of substrates and reactive oxygen species | The G/G genotype is associated with a reduction in GSTP1 activity, and increased susceptibility of cell damage from increased exposure to toxins
When combined, GSTP1 G allele carriers (A/G or G/G genotypes), and null genotypes of GSTT1 or GSTM1, show significantly higher levels of DNA adducts when exposed to carcinogenic compounds, including those found in tobacco smoke The G/G genotype is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer in premenopausal women, especially when combined with a diet low in cruciferous vegetables. Paradoxically, the G/G genotype is associated with increased anti-oxidation and protection with the consumption of cruciferous vegetables. The latter is likely due to higher circulating concentrations of isothiocyanates, which are spared rapid metabolism in G/G genotypes. Isothiocyanates are known to induce phase II detoxifying enzymes and promote anti-oxidation and detoxification. The G/G genotype is associated with a more adventitious response to α-tocopherol supplementation. |
Glutathione Total
Heavy metals (lead, mercury, and cadmium etc) Organic acid testing (OATs) (pesticides, solvents, and mycotoxins etc) Liver function AST, ALT, ALP, GGT (comprehensive enzymes that assess alcohol, drug, and chemical load) Lipid peroxidation and 8OHdG (malondialdehyde and oxidative stress caused by toxins) |
In many chronic diseases, poor immunity and an increased rate of infections are linked to low glutathione. Viral infections cause excessive oxidative stress due to inflammation which in turn uses up more glutathione. Once glutathione is depleted, immune cells lose their ability to fight infections. Increasing glutathione levels may help improve symptoms and reduce the incidence of viral and bacterial infections
A poorly functioning detoxification system will impair immune function as toxins cause oxidative stress and damage cells leading to inflammation and impaired immune function. Optimizing detoxification can help reduce oxidative stress and support overall health. On the other hand, a healthy immune system is also important for effective detoxification, as the immune system helps to neutralize and remove harmful substances from the body. When the immune system is functioning poorly, it can note effectively recognize and eliminate toxins to effectively manage oxidative stress and inflammation. |
Low activity of glutathione peroxidase and low levels of glutathione are linked with high oxidative stress and an increased likelihood of heart attack. Oxidative stress is a state in which there is an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the body’s antioxidant defense mechanisms, leading to cellular damage. This cellular damage is thought to contribute to the development of heart disease.
Cardiovascular disease is largely caused by oxidative stress in heart tissues. Glutathione can reduce free radicals and, in turn, may prevent stroke or heart attack By neutralizing ROS, glutathione helps to protect the cells and tissues of the cardiovascular system from oxidative damage. Additionally, glutathione can help regulate the production of nitric oxide, which is an important molecule involved in regulating blood flow and blood pressure. |
Consuming foods high in antioxidants, such as fruits and vegetables, can help protect against oxidative stress and support detoxification processes.
Eating foods high in fiber, such as whole grains, can help support the elimination of waste and toxins from the body. Vegetables such as broccoli, cauliflower, and kale contain compounds that support the liver’s detoxification pathways. Garlic, asparagus, and cruciferous vegetables boost glutathione through their sulfur components. Staying hydrated by drinking plenty of water can help support the elimination of waste and toxins from the body. Limit processed and high-fat foods: These foods can increase oxidative stress and burden the detoxification system. Animal food sources, which are higher in cysteine and methionine, can also help increase glutathione levels. Calcium and vitamin B2 (riboflavin) also increase glutathione |
Those with sleep apnea have high levels of oxidative stress and depleted glutathione levels. Some research shows increasing GSH levels to normal improved sleep quality. | Minimize or eliminate when possible exposure to substances that compete for detoxification including: cigarette smoke, charred food, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, steroids, pesticides, herbicides, fungicides, insect sprays, solvents, and toxic heavy metals | Protecting cells and tissues from oxidative damage, which can reduce the risk of age-related diseases. Supporting the immune system, which is critical for overall health and longevity Detoxifying the body, removing harmful substances and supporting liver function Maintaining the levels of other antioxidants, such as vitamins C and E, which can also help protect the body from oxidative damage. |
Glutathione Lipoic Acid NAC DIM Sulforaphane |
Cancer (and treatment toxicity) Diabetes |
|||
GSTP1 G/A | Glut detox (Brain/lungs) | The GSTP1 gene encodes glutathione-S-transferase pi 1 (GSTP1), a member of the GST family of enzymes involved in phase II detoxification responsible for catalyzing the glutathione conjugation of xenobiotics, carcinogens, drugs and reactive oxygen species/oxidants (ROS) to deactivate and eliminate them from the body | Associated with moderate enzyme function and moderate clearance of substrates and reactive oxygen species | When this variant is combined with null genotypes of GSTT1 or GSTM1, they show significantly higher levels of DNA adducts when exposed to carcinogenic compounds, including those found in tobacco smoke
This variant is also associated with an increase in IL-6 following supplementation with α-tocopherol (when compared to the G/G genotype), diminishing one of the key benefits associated with α-tocopherols (i.e. reduction in expression of the pro- inflammatory IL-6). |
Low activity of glutathione peroxidase and low levels of glutathione are linked with high oxidative stress and an increased likelihood of heart attack. Oxidative stress is a state in which there is an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the body’s antioxidant defense mechanisms, leading to cellular damage. This cellular damage is thought to contribute to the development of heart disease.
Cardiovascular disease is largely caused by oxidative stress in heart tissues. Glutathione can reduce free radicals and, in turn, may prevent stroke or heart attack By neutralizing ROS, glutathione helps to protect the cells and tissues of the cardiovascular system from oxidative damage. Additionally, glutathione can help regulate the production of nitric oxide, which is an important molecule involved in regulating blood flow and blood pressure. |
Consuming foods high in antioxidants, such as fruits and vegetables, can help protect against oxidative stress and support detoxification processes.
Eating foods high in fiber, such as whole grains, can help support the elimination of waste and toxins from the body. Vegetables such as broccoli, cauliflower, and kale contain compounds that support the liver’s detoxification pathways. Garlic, asparagus, and cruciferous vegetables boost glutathione through their sulfur components. Staying hydrated by drinking plenty of water can help support the elimination of waste and toxins from the body. Limit processed and high-fat foods: These foods can increase oxidative stress and burden the detoxification system. Animal food sources, which are higher in cysteine and methionine, can also help increase glutathione levels. Calcium and vitamin B2 (riboflavin) also increase glutathione |
Those with sleep apnea have high levels of oxidative stress and depleted glutathione levels. Some research shows increasing GSH levels to normal improved sleep quality. | Minimize or eliminate when possible exposure to substances that compete for detoxification including: cigarette smoke, charred food, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, steroids, pesticides, herbicides, fungicides, insect sprays, solvents, and toxic heavy metals | Protecting cells and tissues from oxidative damage, which can reduce the risk of age-related diseases. Supporting the immune system, which is critical for overall health and longevity Detoxifying the body, removing harmful substances and supporting liver function Maintaining the levels of other antioxidants, such as vitamins C and E, which can also help protect the body from oxidative damage. |
Glutathione Lipoic Acid NAC DIM Sulforaphane |
Cancer (and treatment toxicity) Diabetes |
|||||
GSTP1 A/A | Glut detox (Brain/lungs) | The GSTP1 gene encodes glutathione-S-transferase pi 1 (GSTP1), a member of the GST family of enzymes involved in phase II detoxification responsible for catalyzing the glutathione conjugation of xenobiotics, carcinogens, drugs and reactive oxygen species/oxidants (ROS) to deactivate and eliminate them from the body | Associated with optimal enzyme function and optimal clearance of substrates and reactive oxygen species | The A/A genotype is associated with a decreased susceptibility to DNA damage with exposure to electrophiles.
The A allele (A/A and A/G genotypes) however, is associated with an increase in IL-6 following supplementation with α-tocopherol (when compared to the G/G genotype), diminishing one of the key benefits associated with α-tocopherols (i.e. reduction in expression of the pro- inflammatory IL-6). |
Cancer (and treatment toxicity) Diabetes |
|||||||||||
GSTT1 0 copies | Phase 2 detox (glutathione) | The Boss | Glutathione-S-transferase (GST) theta I (GSTT1) is the dominant member of the GST family of enzymes involved in phase II detoxification and the presence or absence of the gene copy can dramatically affect the efficacy of detoxification of several xenobiotics, innate metabolic by-products (such as from estrogen metabolism) as well as the clearance rate of important drugs. | Associated with no enzyme production and poorer clearance of substrates with decreased ability to detoxify environmental xenobiotics, pharmaceutics and ROS | 0 copies (null genotypes) or absence of the GSTT1 gene is associated with poor clearance of its substrates, with an increased susceptibility to the negative effects of these substrates including reactive oxygen species (ROS).
Clearance of substrates may be partially compensated by other members of the GST family such as GSTM1 and GSTP1 The GSTT1 null genotype contributes to increased risk of heart disease in Caucasians. The increased risk is presumed to be associated with decreased toxin and ROS clearance in GSTT1 null genotypes. Note: mercury and other heavy metals are cleared via the GSTT1 pathway |
Glutathione Total
Heavy metals (lead, mercury, and cadmium etc) Organic acid testing (OATs) (pesticides, solvents, and mycotoxins etc) Liver function AST, ALT, ALP, GGT (comprehensive enzymes that assess alcohol, drug, and chemical load) Lipid peroxidation and 8OHdG (malondialdehyde and oxidative stress caused by toxins) |
In many chronic diseases, poor immunity and an increased rate of infections are linked to low glutathione. Viral infections cause excessive oxidative stress due to inflammation which in turn uses up more glutathione. Once glutathione is depleted, immune cells lose their ability to fight infections. Increasing glutathione levels may help improve symptoms and reduce the incidence of viral and bacterial infections
A poorly functioning detoxification system will impair immune function as toxins cause oxidative stress and damage cells leading to inflammation and impaired immune function. Optimizing detoxification can help reduce oxidative stress and support overall health. On the other hand, a healthy immune system is also important for effective detoxification, as the immune system helps to neutralize and remove harmful substances from the body. When the immune system is functioning poorly, it can note effectively recognize and eliminate toxins to effectively manage oxidative stress and inflammation. |
Low activity of glutathione peroxidase and low levels of glutathione are linked with high oxidative stress and an increased likelihood of heart attack. Oxidative stress is a state in which there is an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the body’s antioxidant defense mechanisms, leading to cellular damage. This cellular damage is thought to contribute to the development of heart disease.
Cardiovascular disease is largely caused by oxidative stress in heart tissues. Glutathione can reduce free radicals and, in turn, may prevent stroke or heart attack By neutralizing ROS, glutathione helps to protect the cells and tissues of the cardiovascular system from oxidative damage. Additionally, glutathione can help regulate the production of nitric oxide, which is an important molecule involved in regulating blood flow and blood pressure. |
Consuming foods high in antioxidants, such as fruits and vegetables, can help protect against oxidative stress and support detoxification processes.
Eating foods high in fiber, such as whole grains, can help support the elimination of waste and toxins from the body. Vegetables such as broccoli, cauliflower, and kale contain compounds that support the liver’s detoxification pathways. Garlic, asparagus, and cruciferous vegetables boost glutathione through their sulfur components. Staying hydrated by drinking plenty of water can help support the elimination of waste and toxins from the body. Limit processed and high-fat foods: These foods can increase oxidative stress and burden the detoxification system. Animal food sources, which are higher in cysteine and methionine, can also help increase glutathione levels. Calcium and vitamin B2 (riboflavin) also increase glutathione |
Those with sleep apnea have high levels of oxidative stress and depleted glutathione levels. Some research shows increasing GSH levels to normal improved sleep quality. | Minimize or eliminate when possible exposure to substances that compete for detoxification including: cigarette smoke, charred food, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, steroids, pesticides, herbicides, fungicides, insect sprays, solvents, and toxic heavy metals | Protecting cells and tissues from oxidative damage, which can reduce the risk of age-related diseases. Supporting the immune system, which is critical for overall health and longevity Detoxifying the body, removing harmful substances and supporting liver function Maintaining the levels of other antioxidants, such as vitamins C and E, which can also help protect the body from oxidative damage. |
detoxification carcinogens therapeutic drugs environmental toxins oxidative stress hormone elimination fibromyalgia |
|||
GSTT1 1 copy | Phase 2 detox (glutathione) | The Boss | Glutathione-S-transferase (GST) theta I (GSTT1) is the dominant member of the GST family of enzymes involved in phase II detoxification and the presence or absence of the gene copy can dramatically affect the efficacy of detoxification of several xenobiotics, innate metabolic by-products (such as from estrogen metabolism) as well as the clearance rate of important drugs. | Associated with average enzyme function and clearance of substrates with average ability to detoxify environmental xenobiotics, pharmaceutics and ROS | Presence of this gene results in production of the GSTT1 enzyme with increased clearance of its targeted substrates. The more common copy number of this gene is one copy which may suggest this variation is sufficient to drive the glutathionization of substrates via GSTT. |
In many chronic diseases, poor immunity and an increased rate of infections are linked to low glutathione. Viral infections cause excessive oxidative stress due to inflammation which in turn uses up more glutathione. Once glutathione is depleted, immune cells lose their ability to fight infections. Increasing glutathione levels may help improve symptoms and reduce the incidence of viral and bacterial infections
A poorly functioning detoxification system will impair immune function as toxins cause oxidative stress and damage cells leading to inflammation and impaired immune function. Optimizing detoxification can help reduce oxidative stress and support overall health. On the other hand, a healthy immune system is also important for effective detoxification, as the immune system helps to neutralize and remove harmful substances from the body. When the immune system is functioning poorly, it can note effectively recognize and eliminate toxins to effectively manage oxidative stress and inflammation. |
Low activity of glutathione peroxidase and low levels of glutathione are linked with high oxidative stress and an increased likelihood of heart attack. Oxidative stress is a state in which there is an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the body’s antioxidant defense mechanisms, leading to cellular damage. This cellular damage is thought to contribute to the development of heart disease.
Cardiovascular disease is largely caused by oxidative stress in heart tissues. Glutathione can reduce free radicals and, in turn, may prevent stroke or heart attack By neutralizing ROS, glutathione helps to protect the cells and tissues of the cardiovascular system from oxidative damage. Additionally, glutathione can help regulate the production of nitric oxide, which is an important molecule involved in regulating blood flow and blood pressure. |
Consuming foods high in antioxidants, such as fruits and vegetables, can help protect against oxidative stress and support detoxification processes.
Eating foods high in fiber, such as whole grains, can help support the elimination of waste and toxins from the body. Vegetables such as broccoli, cauliflower, and kale contain compounds that support the liver’s detoxification pathways. Garlic, asparagus, and cruciferous vegetables boost glutathione through their sulfur components. Staying hydrated by drinking plenty of water can help support the elimination of waste and toxins from the body. Limit processed and high-fat foods: These foods can increase oxidative stress and burden the detoxification system. Animal food sources, which are higher in cysteine and methionine, can also help increase glutathione levels. Calcium and vitamin B2 (riboflavin) also increase glutathione |
Those with sleep apnea have high levels of oxidative stress and depleted glutathione levels. Some research shows increasing GSH levels to normal improved sleep quality. | Minimize or eliminate when possible exposure to substances that compete for detoxification including: cigarette smoke, charred food, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, steroids, pesticides, herbicides, fungicides, insect sprays, solvents, and toxic heavy metals | Protecting cells and tissues from oxidative damage, which can reduce the risk of age-related diseases. Supporting the immune system, which is critical for overall health and longevity Detoxifying the body, removing harmful substances and supporting liver function Maintaining the levels of other antioxidants, such as vitamins C and E, which can also help protect the body from oxidative damage. |
detoxification carcinogens therapeutic drugs environmental toxins oxidative stress hormone elimination fibromyalgia |
||||
GSTT1 2 copies | Phase 2 detox (glutathione) | The Boss | Glutathione-S-transferase (GST) theta I (GSTT1) is the dominant member of the GST family of enzymes involved in phase II detoxification and the presence or absence of the gene copy can dramatically affect the efficacy of detoxification of several xenobiotics, innate metabolic by-products (such as from estrogen metabolism) as well as the clearance rate of important drugs. | Associated with increased enzyme function and clearance of substrates with increased ability to detoxify environmental xenobiotics, pharmaceutics and ROS | While having 2 copies is optimal for phase II clearance of toxins, the presence of 2 copies of GSTT1 is a poor predictive marker for chronic myeloid leukaemia treatment (CML), due to its escalated clearance rate of imatinib (which has become a first-line choice for treatment of CML and other blood cancers). A similar effect of overly rapid clearance of chemotherapeutics with poorer concomitant outcome is starting to be observed in several chemo/biologic therapeutics that are cleared via GSTT1. | detoxification carcinogens therapeutic drugs environmental toxins oxidative stress hormone elimination fibromyalgia |
||||||||||
HLA fam | Gluten sensitivity | The HLA (Human Leukocyte Antigen) genes are a group of genes located on chromosome 6 that play a key role in the immune system. These genes are involved in the recognition and presentation of foreign antigens to the immune system, and their main function is to help the body distinguish between its own cells and foreign substances, such as viruses and bacteria. | For Celiac diagnosis – Serum tests, tissue transglutaminase (tTG) IgA antibody, and deamidated gliadin IgG antibody. These tests may also be used for monitoring treatment effectiveness in patients with a confirmed celiac disease diagnosis.
Food Sensitivity/Intolerance Glyphosate and Environmental Toxicants |
Eliminate (if not, minimize) consumption of gluten containing grains and food products. There are many online resources to kick off this journey.
The biggest learning task here is to understand where gluten is ‘hidden’ in food, namely processed or bread-product foods. Learn about alternative ways to prepare your favorite meals that omit gluten. |
Autoimmune disease (rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes, and lupus)
Gluten sensitivity |
|||||||||||
HLA fam | Gluten sensitivity | The HLA (Human Leukocyte Antigen) genes are a group of genes located on chromosome 6 that play a key role in the immune system. These genes are involved in the recognition and presentation of foreign antigens to the immune system, and their main function is to help the body distinguish between its own cells and foreign substances, such as viruses and bacteria. | For Celiac diagnosis – Serum tests, tissue transglutaminase (tTG) IgA antibody, and deamidated gliadin IgG antibody. These tests may also be used for monitoring treatment effectiveness in patients with a confirmed celiac disease diagnosis.
Food Sensitivity/Intolerance Glyphosate and Environmental Toxicants |
Eliminate (if not, minimize) consumption of gluten containing grains and food products. There are many online resources to kick off this journey.
The biggest learning task here is to understand where gluten is ‘hidden’ in food, namely processed or bread-product foods. Learn about alternative ways to prepare your favorite meals that omit gluten. |
Autoimmune disease (rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes, and lupus)
Gluten sensitivity |
|||||||||||
HLA fam | Gluten sensitivity | The HLA (Human Leukocyte Antigen) genes are a group of genes located on chromosome 6 that play a key role in the immune system. These genes are involved in the recognition and presentation of foreign antigens to the immune system, and their main function is to help the body distinguish between its own cells and foreign substances, such as viruses and bacteria. | need interpretation from:
HLA rs2187668 |
For Celiac diagnosis – Serum tests, tissue transglutaminase (tTG) IgA antibody, and deamidated gliadin IgG antibody. These tests may also be used for monitoring treatment effectiveness in patients with a confirmed celiac disease diagnosis.
Food Sensitivity/Intolerance Glyphosate and Environmental Toxicants |
Eliminate (if not, minimize) consumption of gluten containing grains and food products. There are many online resources to kick off this journey.
The biggest learning task here is to understand where gluten is ‘hidden’ in food, namely processed or bread-product foods. Learn about alternative ways to prepare your favorite meals that omit gluten. |
Autoimmune disease (rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes, and lupus)
Gluten sensitivity |
||||||||||
LCT | Lactase | |||||||||||||||
MAO G/G | Neurotransmitter clearance | The MAO (monoamine oxidase) gene codes for the monoamine oxidase enzyme, which is responsible for breaking down monoamine neurotransmitters, including serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine. | Associated with highest MAO activity and shortest dopamine half-life | Research shows that acute stress reduces MAOA activity, leading to higher dopamine and serotonin levels. But, balance is key. Moderate, occasional stress may help you adapt to stressful situations and increase coping behavior. Chronic stress, however, causes MAOA overactivation. Depletion of monoamines combined with the increased oxidative stress from their breakdown products may play key roles in stress-related disorders such as depression. | High levels or activity of MAO-A have been linked to: Depression, Panic disorder, OCD, ADHD, Neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease, Chronic fatigue syndrome, and Migraines
Light Therapy Light therapy for 30 minutes each morning shortly after waking up may reduce MAOA activity. This therapy has been reported to be especially effective for seasonal affective disorder (SAD), as the bright artificial light offsets the lack of sunlight that people often experience during the winter months Cold Exposure Cold immersion (cold showers or cryotherapy) and adaptation to cold temperatures reduces MAOA activity and can increase the levels of serotonin and dopamine in the brain |
Dietary Tryptophan
The essential amino acid tryptophan is converted first to 5-HTP and finally to serotonin in the brain. Foods rich in tryptophan—such as oats, bananas, dried prunes, milk, tuna, cheese, bread, chicken, turkey, peanuts, and chocolate—may help restore normal serotonin levels in people with high MAOA activity. Dietary Flavonoids Flavonoids are antioxidant plant compounds that aid to support many chronic health conditions. However, research shows that some may inhibit MAOA activity including Quercetin, Resveratrol, Apigenin, Luteolin, Chrysin. These flavonoids may counteract the negative effects of high-activity MAO variants by increasing serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine levels, and reducing the oxidative stress caused by their byproducts. |
X | Kava
Kava extract has received attention for its anti-anxiety potential and may reduce anxiety from generalized anxiety disorder and other conditions. Compounds isolated from kava (such as kavain and yagonin) has been shown to inhibit MAOA in vitro and in animal studies. |
Depression Panic disorder OCD ADHD Neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease Chronic fatigue syndrome Migraines Aggressive and antisocial behavior Autism spectrum disorder Schizophrenia Suicidal ideation Substance abuse Obesity |
|||||||
MAO G/T | Neurotransmitter clearance | The MAO (monoamine oxidase) gene codes for the monoamine oxidase enzyme, which is responsible for breaking down monoamine neurotransmitters, including serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine. | Associated with moderate MAO activity and medial dopamine half-life | Depression Panic disorder OCD ADHD Neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease Chronic fatigue syndrome Migraines Aggressive and antisocial behavior Autism spectrum disorder Schizophrenia Suicidal ideation Substance abuse Obesity |
||||||||||||
MAO T/T | Neurotransmitter clearance | The MAO (monoamine oxidase) gene codes for the monoamine oxidase enzyme, which is responsible for breaking down monoamine neurotransmitters, including serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine. | Associated with lowest MAO activity and longest dopamine half-life | Those with low MAOA activity (T/T variants) are more likely to develop impaired HPA axis function from chronic stress. This may result in health conditions such as PTSD and chronic fatigue syndrome. However, this variant has also been shown to enhance the effects of beneficial psychosocial factors, such as positive parenting, reduced exposure to traumatic experiences, and high resilience | Low levels or activity of MAO-A have been linked to: Aggressive and antisocial behavior, Autism spectrum disorder, Schizophrenia, Suicidal ideation, Substance abuse, and Obesity
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Evidence suggests that CBT works by reducing the activity of brain regions involved in emotional and cognitive processing. Some research suggests this may result in reduced methylation of the MAOA gene and increased MAOA activity. |
Reduce Dietary Monoamines
In addition to neurotransmitters, MAOA also breaks down dietary monoamines such as tyramine, phenethylamine, tryptamine, and histamine. The main food sources of these compounds are aged cheese, cured or smoked meat and fish, pickled or fermented vegetables, alcoholic drinks, chocolate, soy products, and shellfish. These compounds stimulate the production of monoamines such as serotonin and dopamine, which may be an issue for people with less active MAOA variants Carbohydrate Intake Diets rich in carbohydrates and low in proteins increase the levels of tryptophan in the brain and thus increase serotonin production. This may promote excessive food intake by potentiating its rewarding effects, especially in 5HTTLPR L/S and S/S. Carriers of low-activity MAOA variants are at increased risk of obesity and may especially benefit from reducing the amount of carbohydrates in their diets. Low-carbohydrate, protein-rich diets are most effective at increasing fat burning and promoting weight loss. A low-carbohydrate ketogenic style diet may be more effective than low-fat diets for losing weight depending on the FTO and APOA2 gene variants. |
Cigarette Smoking
Substances in tobacco other than nicotine function as MAOA inhibitors, possibly worsening the negative effects of variants that reduce MAOA activity |
Depression Panic disorder OCD ADHD Neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease Chronic fatigue syndrome Migraines Aggressive and antisocial behavior Autism spectrum disorder Schizophrenia Suicidal ideation Substance abuse Obesity |
||||||||
MC4R C/C | Apetite | Air Traffic Control / The Snacker | The MC4R gene plays a central role in energy homeostasis and childhood growth and is one of the most studied genes in relation to weight gain, particularly early childhood weight gain and shown to play an important role in appetite regulation and hunger cues. | Associated with dysregulated hunger cues and increased snacking behaviour | The C allele carriers often exhibit snacking or ‘grazing’ behaviour as a consequence of dysregulated hunger cues.
C/C genotypes in females is associated with increased grey matter volume (GMV) in the right amygdala, a region known to influence eating behaviour, and the right hippocampus, a structure crucial for memory formation and learning and a significant increase of ‘disinhibition’ resultant in ‘emotional eating’. |
Leptin Ghrelin |
Obesity | |||||||||
MC4R C/T | Apetite | Air Traffic Control / The Snacker | The MC4R gene plays a central role in energy homeostasis and childhood growth and is one of the most studied genes in relation to weight gain, particularly early childhood weight gain and shown to play an important role in appetite regulation and hunger cues. | Associated with dysregulated hunger cues and increased snacking behaviour | The C allele carriers often exhibit snacking or ‘grazing’ behaviour as a consequence of dysregulated hunger cues. | Leptin Ghrelin |
Portion control: Eating balanced, moderate portions at regular intervals can help regulate energy balance and prevent overeating.
Fiber-rich foods: Consuming foods high in fiber, such as fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, can help promote feelings of fullness and support weight management. Low-energy-density foods: Foods that are low in calories but high in volume, such as fruits and vegetables, can help promote feelings of fullness and support weight management. Protein: Consuming adequate protein, particularly with meals, can help promote feelings of fullness and support weight management. Avoid highly processed and high-fat foods: These foods are often high in calories and can contribute to weight gain and related health problems. Cutting out unhealthy snacks is one of the biggest steps toward weight loss for people with MC4R C/T and T/T variants, given their affinity to high-calorie snacks. Soups and other liquid meals may be an excellent replacement for snacks where eating the same food made in a soup (instead of solid food) improves satiety and reduces calorie intake. Spicy foods containing cayenne pepper or chilli peppers (which both contain capsaicin) can help reduce appetite and improve weight control. The active ingredient capsaicin may be particularly beneficial for people with MC4R SNPs due to its potential to reduce leptin resistance. “Hara Hachi Bu” is a method Japanese centenarians put into practice and it means eat until you are 80 percent full. Here’s how: 1) Eat slowly. Eating faster results in eating more. Slow down to allow your body to respond to cues, which tell us we are no longer hungry. 2) Focus on your food, the flavours and smells. Turn off the TV and the computer. If you’re going to eat, just eat. You’ll eat more slowly, consume less and savor the food more. 3) Use small vessels. Choose to eat on smaller plates and use tall, narrow glasses. You’re likely to eat significantly less without even thinking about it. Berberine may support weight control and glucose metabolism by reducing BMI and enhancing leptin sensitivity. It may also contribute to weight loss by improving gut microbiota and glucose and fat metabolism Due to its effects on metabolism and leptin sensitivity, berberine is indicated for those with a MC4R T/T and C/T variant. |
Circadian rhythm disturbance and sleep deprivation may reduce MC4 receptor stimulation and contribute to negative changes in weight control and metabolism. The importance of circadian biology in obesity, energy balance, and metabolism is well established where an impaired circadian rhythm is associated with leptin resistance and obesity and may be why shift workers seem to be at an increased risk of obesity
Regular deep, restful sleep during the night may normalize leptin levels. On the other hand, sleep deprivation can decrease leptin and prevent MC4R activation where short sleep duration correlates with weight gain and may increase hunger and cravings and disrupt appetite-controlling hormones like ghrelin and leptin especially in MC4R C/C and C/T variants. |
Obesity | |||||||
MC4R T/T | Apetite | Air Traffic Control / The Snacker | The MC4R gene plays a central role in energy homeostasis and childhood growth and is one of the most studied genes in relation to weight gain, particularly early childhood weight gain and shown to play an important role in appetite regulation and hunger cues. | Associated with normative hunger cues and reduced snacking behaviour | T/T genotypes are associated with a reduced risk of weight gain. | Portion control: Eating balanced, moderate portions at regular intervals can help regulate energy balance and prevent overeating.
Fiber-rich foods: Consuming foods high in fiber, such as fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, can help promote feelings of fullness and support weight management. Low-energy-density foods: Foods that are low in calories but high in volume, such as fruits and vegetables, can help promote feelings of fullness and support weight management. Protein: Consuming adequate protein, particularly with meals, can help promote feelings of fullness and support weight management. Avoid highly processed and high-fat foods: These foods are often high in calories and can contribute to weight gain and related health problems. Cutting out unhealthy snacks is one of the biggest steps toward weight loss for people with MC4R C/T and T/T variants, given their affinity to high-calorie snacks. Soups and other liquid meals may be an excellent replacement for snacks where eating the same food made in a soup (instead of solid food) improves satiety and reduces calorie intake. Spicy foods containing cayenne pepper or chilli peppers (which both contain capsaicin) can help reduce appetite and improve weight control. The active ingredient capsaicin may be particularly beneficial for people with MC4R SNPs due to its potential to reduce leptin resistance. “Hara Hachi Bu” is a method Japanese centenarians put into practice and it means eat until you are 80 percent full. Here’s how: 1) Eat slowly. Eating faster results in eating more. Slow down to allow your body to respond to cues, which tell us we are no longer hungry. 2) Focus on your food, the flavours and smells. Turn off the TV and the computer. If you’re going to eat, just eat. You’ll eat more slowly, consume less and savor the food more. 3) Use small vessels. Choose to eat on smaller plates and use tall, narrow glasses. You’re likely to eat significantly less without even thinking about it. Berberine may support weight control and glucose metabolism by reducing BMI and enhancing leptin sensitivity. It may also contribute to weight loss by improving gut microbiota and glucose and fat metabolism Due to its effects on metabolism and leptin sensitivity, berberine is indicated for those with a MC4R T/T and C/T variant. |
Circadian rhythm disturbance and sleep deprivation may reduce MC4 receptor stimulation and contribute to negative changes in weight control and metabolism. The importance of circadian biology in obesity, energy balance, and metabolism is well established where an impaired circadian rhythm is associated with leptin resistance and obesity and may be why shift workers seem to be at an increased risk of obesity
Regular deep, restful sleep during the night may normalize leptin levels. On the other hand, sleep deprivation can decrease leptin and prevent MC4R activation where short sleep duration correlates with weight gain and may increase hunger and cravings and disrupt appetite-controlling hormones like ghrelin and leptin especially in MC4R C/C and C/T variants. |
Obesity | ||||||||
MCM6 G/G | Lactase | The Minichromosome Maintenance Complex Component 6 (MCM6) gene contains the regulatory region for the production of the lactase enzyme. Expression determines the persistent production of lactase, facilitating lactose tolerance (post-weaning approx age 2 yo). | Associated with lactase non-persistence and lactose intolerance | This variant is not predictive of lactose intolerance in sub-Saharan Africans. | Lactose Tolerance Food sensitivities IgG |
Avoid dairy products: cow milk, cheese, and ice cream (or choose lactose-free or low-lactose alternatives)
Lactase supplements: Over-the-counter lactase supplements, taken before eating dairy products, can help break down lactose and reduce symptoms. Calcium-rich non-dairy foods: Include calcium-rich non-dairy foods, such as leafy greens, almonds, and fortified plant-based milks, in the diet to meet calcium needs. Probiotics: Consuming probiotics, such as yogurt or kefir, can help support the growth of beneficial bacteria in the gut and improve lactose digestion. |
Lactose intolerance IBS |
|||||||||
MCM6 A/G | Lactase | The Minichromosome Maintenance Complex Component 6 (MCM6) gene contains the regulatory region for the production of the lactase enzyme. Expression determines the persistent production of lactase, facilitating lactose tolerance (post-weaning approx age 2 yo). | Associated with reduced lactase persistence and potential lactose intolerance (strongly dependent on post-weaning diet) | This variant is not predictive of lactose intolerance in sub-Saharan Africans. | Lactose Tolerance Food sensitivities IgG |
Avoid dairy products: cow milk, cheese, and ice cream (or choose lactose-free or low-lactose alternatives)
Lactase supplements: Over-the-counter lactase supplements, taken before eating dairy products, can help break down lactose and reduce symptoms. Calcium-rich non-dairy foods: Include calcium-rich non-dairy foods, such as leafy greens, almonds, and fortified plant-based milks, in the diet to meet calcium needs. Probiotics: Consuming probiotics, such as yogurt or kefir, can help support the growth of beneficial bacteria in the gut and improve lactose digestion. |
Lactose intolerance IBS |
|||||||||
MCM6 A/A | Lactase | The Minichromosome Maintenance Complex Component 6 (MCM6) gene contains the regulatory region for the production of the lactase enzyme. Expression determines the persistent production of lactase, facilitating lactose tolerance (post-weaning approx age 2 yo). | Associated with lactase persistence and lactose tolerance | Lactose intolerance IBS |
||||||||||||
MTHFR C/C (rs1801133) | B9 -> methyl B9 | The Chef | Methylenetetrahydrafolate reductase (MTHFR) is part of the methylation pathway, catalyzing the conversion of 5,10-methylene-THF to active folate, 5-methyl-THF (5-MTHF or L-MTHF). 5-MTHF is then utilized as a methyl donor (to B12) for the conversion of homocysteine to methionine and in the production of the methyl donor s-adenosyl- methionine (SAMe). | Associated with optimal enzyme function and 5-MTHF production | X | X | If SHMT1 is G/G – use Methylfolate
if SHMT1 is G/A, A/A – use Folinic Acid |
Inflammation ASD Aging DNA production Methylation Red blood cell production Brain health Heart health |
Problems with methylation can be associated with a number of different clinical diagnoses. Methylation is a process by which a methyl group (CH3) is added to certain molecules in the body, such as DNA, and is involved in a wide range of physiological processes, including gene expression, DNA repair, and regulation of the immune system. Abnormalities in methylation can lead to various health issues. Some examples of clinical diagnoses that are correlated to problems with methylation include:
Cancer: Hypermethylation of specific genes can lead to silencing of tumor suppressor genes, promoting cancer growth. Neurological disorders: Methylation abnormalities have been observed in several neurological conditions,including autism spectrum disorder, Rett syndrome, and fragile X syndrome. Epigenetic disorders: Methylation defects can cause a group of disorders known as “epigenetic disorders,” which are characterized by abnormal gene expression due to changes in the epigenetic marks on DNA. Cardiovascular diseases: Abnormal methylation has been linked to the development of cardiovascular diseases and atherosclerosis. Infertility: Abnormal methylation of certain genes has been linked to infertility in both men and women. Autoimmune disorders: Methylation defects have been linked to several autoimmune disorders, including rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. |
|||||||
MTHFR C/T (rs1801133) | B9 -> methyl B9 | The Chef | Methylenetetrahydrafolate reductase (MTHFR) is part of the methylation pathway, catalyzing the conversion of 5,10-methylene-THF to active folate, 5-methyl-THF (5-MTHF or L-MTHF). 5-MTHF is then utilized as a methyl donor (to B12) for the conversion of homocysteine to methionine and in the production of the methyl donor s-adenosyl- methionine (SAMe). | Associated with moderate (30 to 35 percent reduction of) enzyme activity with intermediate 5-MTHF production | Low blood folate is associated with high homocysteine levels which is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, including stroke and high blood pressure. Folate is particularly important early in pregnancy to ensure normal fetal development and prevent birth defects.
The C/T genotype is associated with an intermediate MTHFR function (estimated to be approximately 65% that of the C/C genotype). Individuals with this genotype may benefit from a diet designed to include more folate rich foods and possibly supplementation |
Homocysteine
Methylmalonic acid (MMA) S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) |
Poor methylation negatively affects gene expression and the immune system as it plays a role in regulating the activation and differentiation of immune cells, influencing cytokine production and the inflammatory response, and controlling the expression of genes involved in immunity. Abnormal methylation has been associated with various immune-related diseases. | X | X | If SHMT1 is G/G – use Methylfolate
if SHMT1 is G/A, A/A – use Folinic Acid |
Inflammation ASD Aging DNA production Methylation Red blood cell production Brain health Heart health |
|||||
MTHFR T/T (rs1801133) | B9 -> methyl B9 | The Chef | Methylenetetrahydrafolate reductase (MTHFR) is part of the methylation pathway, catalyzing the conversion of 5,10-methylene-THF to active folate, 5-methyl-THF (5-MTHF or L-MTHF). 5-MTHF is then utilized as a methyl donor (to B12) for the conversion of homocysteine to methionine and in the production of the methyl donor s-adenosyl- methionine (SAMe). | Associated with suboptimal (~70 percent reduction of) enzymatic activity with low 5-MTHF production | Low blood folate is associated with high homocysteine levels which is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, including stroke and high blood pressure. Folate is particularly important early in pregnancy to ensure normal fetal development and prevent birth defects.
The T/T genotype is associated with impaired MTHFR function (estimated to be approximately 30% that of the C/C genotype). Individuals with this genotype are strongly encouraged to increase their folate consumption through appropriate dietary modification and supplementation |
Homocysteine
Methylmalonic acid (MMA) S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) |
Poor methylation negatively affects gene expression and the immune system as it plays a role in regulating the activation and differentiation of immune cells, influencing cytokine production and the inflammatory response, and controlling the expression of genes involved in immunity. Abnormal methylation has been associated with various immune-related diseases. | X | X | Inflammation ASD Aging DNA production Methylation Red blood cell production Brain health Heart health |
||||||
MTR G/G | B12 -> methionine regeneration | Thing 2 | Methionine synthase (MTR) catalyzes the conversion of homocysteine to methionine and uses methylcobalamine (methyl B12) as the methyl donor in this reaction. Methionine in turn drives the production of S- adenosylmethionine (SAMe) – one of the primary methyl donors for a host of enzymatic reactions. | Associated with suboptimal enzyme activity with suboptimal conversion of homocysteine to methionine (potentially resulting in elevated plasma homocysteine and DNA hypo- methylation) | G allele carriers are associated with increased plasma homocysteine levels. This variant is a significant independent predictor of negative symptom severity for schizophrenia. Defects in MTR may underlie the methionine-dependence observed in a number of human tumour cell lines | Homocysteine
Methylmalonic acid (MMA) S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) |
Poor methylation negatively affects gene expression and the immune system as it plays a role in regulating the activation and differentiation of immune cells, influencing cytokine production and the inflammatory response, and controlling the expression of genes involved in immunity. Abnormal methylation has been associated with various immune-related diseases. | X | X | Adenosylcobalamin | ||||||
MTR A/G | B12 -> methionine regeneration | Thing 2 | Methionine synthase (MTR) catalyzes the conversion of homocysteine to methionine and uses methylcobalamine (methyl B12) as the methyl donor in this reaction. Methionine in turn drives the production of S- adenosylmethionine (SAMe) – one of the primary methyl donors for a host of enzymatic reactions. | Associated with moderate enzyme activity with intermediate conversion of homocysteine to methionine | G allele carriers are associated with increased plasma homocysteine levels. This variant is a significant independent predictor of negative symptom severity for schizophrenia. Defects in MTR may underlie the methionine-dependence observed in a number of human tumour cell lines | Homocysteine
Methylmalonic acid (MMA) S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) |
X | X | Adenosylcobalamin | |||||||
MTR A/A | B12 -> methionine regeneration | Thing 2 | Methionine synthase (MTR) catalyzes the conversion of homocysteine to methionine and uses methylcobalamine (methyl B12) as the methyl donor in this reaction. Methionine in turn drives the production of S- adenosylmethionine (SAMe) – one of the primary methyl donors for a host of enzymatic reactions. | Associated with optimal enzyme activity and conversion of homocysteine to methionine | The A/A genotype is associated with optimal MTR function and optimal homocysteine re-methylation (assuming adequate availability of methylated B12) and longer telomeres, thought to be reflective of more efficient DNA and histone methylation | X | X | Methylcobalamin | ||||||||
MTRR G/G | Reactivates methionine | Thing 1 | The collaboration between methionine synthase reductase (MTRR) and methione synthase (MTR) is essential for the conversion of homocysteine to methionine. MTRR catalyzes the methylation of B12 (cobalamin) to methylcobalamin – by sequestering the methyl group provided by 5-MTHF. Methyl B12, in turn, is the main cofactor for maintaining methionine synthase activity (methyl B12 provides its methyl group to facilitate the conversion of homocysteine into methione). Methionine is an essential amino acid required for protein synthesis and the formation of S- adenosylmethionine (SAMe). | Associated with suboptimal enzyme activity and suboptimal/ poor re-methylation of cobalamin to methylcobalamin (potentially reduced bioavailability of methyl B12) | G allele carriers exacerbate the known disease risks associated with Vitamin B12 deficiency and are associated with an increased risk of hyperhomocysteinemia, hypomethioninemia, megaloblastic anemia, and developmental delay.
This genotype is independently associated with an increase in estimated risk for Down syndrome and neural tube defects |
Homocysteine
Methylmalonic acid (MMA) S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) |
Poor methylation negatively affects gene expression and the immune system as it plays a role in regulating the activation and differentiation of immune cells, influencing cytokine production and the inflammatory response, and controlling the expression of genes involved in immunity. Abnormal methylation has been associated with various immune-related diseases. | X | X | Altered levels of homocysteine Altered levels of vitamin B12 Birth defects |
||||||
MTRR A/G | Reactivates methionine | Thing 1 | The collaboration between methionine synthase reductase (MTRR) and methione synthase (MTR) is essential for the conversion of homocysteine to methionine. MTRR catalyzes the methylation of B12 (cobalamin) to methylcobalamin – by sequestering the methyl group provided by 5-MTHF. Methyl B12, in turn, is the main cofactor for maintaining methionine synthase activity (methyl B12 provides its methyl group to facilitate the conversion of homocysteine into methione). Methionine is an essential amino acid required for protein synthesis and the formation of S- adenosylmethionine (SAMe). | Associated with reduced enzyme activity and moderate re- methylation of cobalamin to methylcobalamin (potentially reduced bioavailability of methyl B12) | G allele carriers exacerbate the known disease risks associated with Vitamin B12 deficiency and are associated with an increased risk of hyperhomocysteinemia, hypomethioninemia, megaloblastic anemia, and developmental delay.
This genotype is independently associated with an increase in estimated risk for Down syndrome and neural tube defects |
Homocysteine
Methylmalonic acid (MMA) S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) |
Poor methylation negatively affects gene expression and the immune system as it plays a role in regulating the activation and differentiation of immune cells, influencing cytokine production and the inflammatory response, and controlling the expression of genes involved in immunity. Abnormal methylation has been associated with various immune-related diseases. | X | X | Altered levels of homocysteine Altered levels of vitamin B12 Birth defects |
||||||
MTRR A/A | Reactivates methionine | Thing 1 | The collaboration between methionine synthase reductase (MTRR) and methione synthase (MTR) is essential for the conversion of homocysteine to methionine. MTRR catalyzes the methylation of B12 (cobalamin) to methylcobalamin – by sequestering the methyl group provided by 5-MTHF. Methyl B12, in turn, is the main cofactor for maintaining methionine synthase activity (methyl B12 provides its methyl group to facilitate the conversion of homocysteine into methione). Methionine is an essential amino acid required for protein synthesis and the formation of S- adenosylmethionine (SAMe). | Associated with optimal enzyme activity and re-methylation of cobalamin to methylcobalamin (optimal bioavailability of methyl B12) | This variant is associated with more efficient B12 re-methylation and consequent bioavailability of methyl groups for homocysteine conversion to methionine.
This variant also shows greater reduction in homocysteine, severity of pain in migraine and percentage of high migraine disability The A allele carriers respond better to daily Vitamin B supplementation to reduce homocysteine levels |
X | X | Altered levels of homocysteine Altered levels of vitamin B12 Birth defects |
||||||||
NOS3 T/T | NO activity | The Party Balloon | The enzyme nitric oxide synthase 3 (NOS3), also known as endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), is involved in vascular dilation in response to vascular shear force. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase catalyzes the production of nitric oxide (NO) from L-arginine to relax the smooth muscle of the vasculature and decrease blood pressure. | Reduced NOS response to vascular/blood flow-sheer force with decreased nitric oxide bioavailability | This variant has an increased risk of CAD and are more likely to respond to omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) than G/G genotypes. Plasma triacylglycerol levels were significantly more responsive to n-3 PUFA in T allele carriers compared to G/G genotypes | Nitrite (NO2) + Nitrate (NO3) (blood, urine, or saliva. | X | X | Stroke Alzheimer’s disease High blood pressure Pregnancy (pre-eclampsia & eclampsia) |
|||||||
NOS3 T/G | NO activity | The Party Balloon | The enzyme nitric oxide synthase 3 (NOS3), also known as endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), is involved in vascular dilation in response to vascular shear force. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase catalyzes the production of nitric oxide (NO) from L-arginine to relax the smooth muscle of the vasculature and decrease blood pressure. | Intermediate NOS response vascular/blood flow-sheer force with moderate nitric oxide bioavailability | Nitrite (NO2) + Nitrate (NO3) (blood, urine, or saliva. | X | X | Stroke Alzheimer’s disease High blood pressure Pregnancy (pre-eclampsia & eclampsia) |
||||||||
NOS3 G/G | NO activity | The Party Balloon | The enzyme nitric oxide synthase 3 (NOS3), also known as endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), is involved in vascular dilation in response to vascular shear force. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase catalyzes the production of nitric oxide (NO) from L-arginine to relax the smooth muscle of the vasculature and decrease blood pressure. | Optimal NOS response to vascular/blood flow-sheer force with appropriate nitric oxide bioavailability | The G/G genotype of this SNP is considered the most advantageous genotype, with optimal NOS3 activity, optimal NO production from L-arginine and no increased risk of cardiovascular disease. |
X | X | Stroke Alzheimer’s disease High blood pressure Pregnancy (pre-eclampsia & eclampsia) |
||||||||
PCSK9 T/T | Cholesterol regulation | The PCSK9 gene provides instructions to make a protein involved in regulating the levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, also known as “bad” cholesterol, in the blood. PCSK9 works by binding to LDL receptors on liver cells, causing them to be broken down and reducing their ability to remove LDL cholesterol from the blood. | associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease as well as lower triglyceride and LDL cholesterol levels | |||||||||||||
PCSK9 T/G | Cholesterol regulation | The PCSK9 gene provides instructions to make a protein involved in regulating the levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, also known as “bad” cholesterol, in the blood. PCSK9 works by binding to LDL receptors on liver cells, causing them to be broken down and reducing their ability to remove LDL cholesterol from the blood. | associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease as well as lower triglyceride and LDL cholesterol levels | |||||||||||||
PCSK9 G/G | Cholesterol regulation | The PCSK9 gene provides instructions to make a protein involved in regulating the levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, also known as “bad” cholesterol, in the blood. PCSK9 works by binding to LDL receptors on liver cells, causing them to be broken down and reducing their ability to remove LDL cholesterol from the blood. | associated with a normal risk of cardiovascular disease with no added protection | |||||||||||||
SHMT1 G/G | B9 transport to nucleus | The Factory Worker | Serine hydroxymethyltransferase 1 (SHMT1) is a pyridoxal phosphate (vitamin B6) containing enzyme that catalyzes the co-conversion of L- serine and tetrahydrofolate (THF) to glycine and 5, 10-methylene THF. This cytosolic enzyme is involved in the folate/methylation pathway necessary for the conversion of homocysteine to methionine, an essential amino acid involved in many vital biological pathways. | Associated with optimal bioavailability of cytosolic 5-MTHF G/G and efficient homocysteine to methionine conversion (note connection to MTHFR) | In general, the G/G genotype (when considered in the context of MTHFR) is associated with optimal folate metabolism and optimal 5-MTHF production, with concomitant disease risk reduction (for diseases that are associated with dysfunctional folate metabolism). | X | X | Methylfolate | Non-Hodgkin lymphoma Multiple sclerosis Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia Essential hypertension (high blood pressure) |
|||||||
SHMT1 G/A | B9 transport to nucleus | The Factory Worker | Serine hydroxymethyltransferase 1 (SHMT1) is a pyridoxal phosphate (vitamin B6) containing enzyme that catalyzes the co-conversion of L- serine and tetrahydrofolate (THF) to glycine and 5, 10-methylene THF. This cytosolic enzyme is involved in the folate/methylation pathway necessary for the conversion of homocysteine to methionine, an essential amino acid involved in many vital biological pathways. | Associated with optimal/moderately reduced bioavailability of cytosolic 5-MTHF and efficient/moderately reduced homocysteine to methionine conversion (please note connectivity to MTHFR) | A allele carriers are associated with reduced bioavailable 5-MTHF levels (due to sequestration by abnormally high cytosolic SHMT1) and are at a further increased risk of folate cycle dysfunction when paired with C/T and T/T genotypes of the rs1801133 SNP of MTHFR
note: C/T and T/T genotypes of the rs1801133 SNP of MTHFR reduce the production of 5-MTHF from 5, 10-methyleneTHF and A allele carriers of rs1979277 further exacerbate this by sequestering/trapping 5-MTHF A allele carriers are associated with an increased risk of some cancers due to the noted reduced efficiency in the methylation pathway and resulting (potential) insufficiency of DNA synthesis and repair (this increased risk of cancers associated with A allele carriers is stronger in Asian populations) Disease risk associated with the A allele carriers is more pronounced among older individuals and/or low total folate intake |
Poor methylation negatively affects gene expression and the immune system as it plays a role in regulating the activation and differentiation of immune cells, influencing cytokine production and the inflammatory response, and controlling the expression of genes involved in immunity. Abnormal methylation has been associated with various immune-related diseases. | X | X | Folinic Acid | Non-Hodgkin lymphoma Multiple sclerosis Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia Essential hypertension (high blood pressure) |
||||||
SHMT1 A/A | B9 transport to nucleus | The Factory Worker | Serine hydroxymethyltransferase 1 (SHMT1) is a pyridoxal phosphate (vitamin B6) containing enzyme that catalyzes the co-conversion of L- serine and tetrahydrofolate (THF) to glycine and 5, 10-methylene THF. This cytosolic enzyme is involved in the folate/methylation pathway necessary for the conversion of homocysteine to methionine, an essential amino acid involved in many vital biological pathways. | Associated with suboptimal bioavailability of cytosolic 5- MTHF and efficient/moderately reduced homocysteine to methi- onine conversion with increased risk of cardiovascular disease when paired with MTHFR C/T and T/T (rs1801133)) | A allele carriers are associated with reduced bioavailable 5-MTHF levels (due to sequestration by abnormally high cytosolic SHMT1) and are at a further increased risk of folate cycle dysfunction when paired with C/T and T/T genotypes of the rs1801133 SNP of MTHFR
note: C/T and T/T genotypes of the rs1801133 SNP of MTHFR reduce the production of 5-MTHF from 5, 10-methyleneTHF and A allele carriers of rs1979277 further exacerbate this by sequestering/trapping 5-MTHF A allele carriers are associated with an increased risk of some cancers due to the noted reduced efficiency in the methylation pathway and resulting (potential) insufficiency of DNA synthesis and repair (this increased risk of cancers associated with A allele carriers is stronger in Asian populations) Disease risk associated with the A allele carriers is more pronounced among older individuals and/or low total folate intake |
Homocysteine
Methylmalonic acid (MMA) S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) |
Poor methylation negatively affects gene expression and the immune system as it plays a role in regulating the activation and differentiation of immune cells, influencing cytokine production and the inflammatory response, and controlling the expression of genes involved in immunity. Abnormal methylation has been associated with various immune-related diseases. | X | X | Folinic Acid | Non-Hodgkin lymphoma Multiple sclerosis Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia Essential hypertension (high blood pressure) |
|||||
SLC23A1 A/A | Vit C transport | Scurvy | The solute carrier family 23 (SLC23A1) directs the absorption and tissue distribution of dietary vitamin C. Vitamin C acts as a potent antioxidant and direct scavenger of free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Humans are unable to synthesize vitamin C and rely solely on dietary sources. | Associated with suboptimal levels of circulating vitamin C | The A allele causes a down-regulation of transporter activity and reduces intracellular anti-oxidant capacity, which impedes the enterocyte barrier function and modulates/reduces the capability of intestinal immune cells to respond to oxidative stress
Each A allele is associated with -5.98umol/L reduction in circulating concentrations of L-ascorbic acid, independent of dietary intake. |
Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) (Intracellular) | Vitamin C-rich foods: Consuming adequate amounts of vitamin C-rich foods, such as citrus fruits, strawberries, bell peppers, and kale, can help meet vitamin C needs.
Antioxidant-rich foods: Consuming foods high in antioxidants, such as fruits and vegetables, can help protect against oxidative stress and improve overall health. Omega-3 fatty acids: Omega-3 fatty acids, found in fatty fish and some plant-based sources, have been shown to have positive effects on cardiovascular health. Whole foods: Choosing a diet rich in whole foods, rather than highly processed foods, can help improve overall health and provide essential nutrients. Hydration: Staying adequately hydrated, by drinking enough water and other beverages, can help support overall health. |
|||||||||
SLC23A1 G/A | Vit C transport | Scurvy | The solute carrier family 23 (SLC23A1) directs the absorption and tissue distribution of dietary vitamin C. Vitamin C acts as a potent antioxidant and direct scavenger of free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Humans are unable to synthesize vitamin C and rely solely on dietary sources. | Associated with suboptimal levels of circulating vitamin C | G/A heterozygotes are associated with 24% lower circulating L-ascorbic acid.
The A allele causes a down-regulation of transporter activity and reduces intracellular anti-oxidant capacity, which impedes the enterocyte barrier function and modulates/reduces the capability of intestinal immune cells to respond to oxidative stress Each A allele is associated with -5.98umol/L reduction in circulating concentrations of L-ascorbic acid, independent of dietary intake. |
Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) (Intracellular) | Vitamin C-rich foods: Consuming adequate amounts of vitamin C-rich foods, such as citrus fruits, strawberries, bell peppers, and kale, can help meet vitamin C needs.
Antioxidant-rich foods: Consuming foods high in antioxidants, such as fruits and vegetables, can help protect against oxidative stress and improve overall health. Omega-3 fatty acids: Omega-3 fatty acids, found in fatty fish and some plant-based sources, have been shown to have positive effects on cardiovascular health. Whole foods: Choosing a diet rich in whole foods, rather than highly processed foods, can help improve overall health and provide essential nutrients. Hydration: Staying adequately hydrated, by drinking enough water and other beverages, can help support overall health. |
|||||||||
SLC23A1 G/G | Vit C transport | Scurvy | The solute carrier family 23 (SLC23A1) directs the absorption and tissue distribution of dietary vitamin C. Vitamin C acts as a potent antioxidant and direct scavenger of free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Humans are unable to synthesize vitamin C and rely solely on dietary sources. | Associated with optimal levels of circulating vitamin C | ||||||||||||
SLC30A8 A/A | Insulin Secretion | The SLC30A8 gene codes for zinc transporter 8 (ZNT8). ZNT8 helps transport zinc out of cells in the pancreas
Zinc is a mineral that plays many key roles in the body, including the release of insulin. Insulin is a hormone that helps lower blood sugar levels. Some variants may disrupt zinc transport and insulin release. This may increase the risk of type 2 diabetes |
Associated with increased fasting glucose levels. Significantly associated with reduced fasting glucose levels in response to total zinc intake (a reduction in fasting glucose levels by 0.048 mmol/L (0.86mg/dL) with an average daily total zinc intake of 14mg) | Zinc is required to complete several important processes in your body, including gene expression, optimal immune function, sugar management, and healing of wounds. | Zinc : Copper Comprehensive Mineral Evaluation |
X | ||||||||||
SLC30A8 A/G | Insulin Secretion | The SLC30A8 gene codes for zinc transporter 8 (ZNT8). ZNT8 helps transport zinc out of cells in the pancreas
Zinc is a mineral that plays many key roles in the body, including the release of insulin. Insulin is a hormone that helps lower blood sugar levels. Some variants may disrupt zinc transport and insulin release. This may increase the risk of type 2 diabetes |
Associated with increased fasting glucose levels. Significantly associated with reduced fasting glucose levels in response to total zinc intake (a reduction in fasting glucose levels by 0.024 mmol/L (0.43mg/dL) with an average daily total zinc intake of 14mg) | X | ||||||||||||
SLC30A8 G/G | Insulin Secretion | The SLC30A8 gene codes for zinc transporter 8 (ZNT8). ZNT8 helps transport zinc out of cells in the pancreas
Zinc is a mineral that plays many key roles in the body, including the release of insulin. Insulin is a hormone that helps lower blood sugar levels. Some variants may disrupt zinc transport and insulin release. This may increase the risk of type 2 diabetes |
No independent association with increased fasting glucose levels. No significant association between total zinc intake and reduction in fasting glucose levels | X | ||||||||||||
SLCO1B1 T/T | Statins | Pravachol Paradox | Related to the pharmacokinetics of some drugs, including statins | Associated with normal statin metabolism | X | |||||||||||
SLCO1B1 T/C | Statins | Pravachol Paradox | Related to the pharmacokinetics of some drugs, including statins | Associated with slower statin metabolism and an increased risk of muscle pain from prolonged statin use | X | |||||||||||
SLCO1B1 C/C | Statins | Pravachol Paradox | Related to the pharmacokinetics of some drugs, including statins | Associated with slower statin metabolism and an increased risk of muscle pain from prolonged statin use | X | |||||||||||
SOD2 T/T | Scavanger of ROS in mitochondria | Scavenger | Mitochondrial Superoxide Dismutase 2 (SOD2) is responsible removing for free radicals (superoxide reactive oxygen species or ROS) produced as a byproduct of cellular respiration. With the aid or the cofactor manganese, the SOD2 protein catalyzes the removal of superoxide by-products of oxidative phosphorylation within the matrix of the inner mitochondrial membrane. |
Associated with suboptimal catalytic activity (70 percent reduction) with increased susceptibility to oxidative stress within the mitochondria | Associated with reduced clearance of ROS and increased risk of cardiomyopathy related to iron overload.
This variant also confers a tenfold increased risk of heart disease, independent of confounding factors such as age, sex, diabetes, etc. |
manganese (rate limiting)
Spectrophotometry (measures the rate at which SOD catalyzes the conversion of a substrate (such as xanthine and xanthine oxidase) into a product (such as uric acid). |
Oxidative stress has been shown to impair immune function. Without the right support (see diet and supplementation), the reduced activity of SOD2 in individuals with the T/T variant may lead to increased oxidative stress and impaired immune function. | X | Antioxidant-rich foods: Consuming foods high in antioxidants, such as fruits and vegetables, can help protect against oxidative stress and improve overall health.
Omega-3 fatty acids: Omega-3 fatty acids, found in fatty fish and some plant-based sources, have anti-inflammatory effects and have been shown to support immune function. Probiotics and prebiotics: Consuming probiotics and prebiotics, such as fermented foods and fiber-rich fruits and vegetables, can help support gut health and improve overall immune function. Vitamin D: Adequate vitamin D intake, through exposure to sunlight (10 minutes at high noon without sunblock), a balanced diet that includes vitamin D-rich foods such as fatty fish, eggs, and mushrooms, and through supplementation, can support overall health and immune function. Exercise: Regular exercise has been shown to improve immune function and reduce oxidative stress. Adequate sleep: Getting enough sleep is important for overall health and can help support immune function. |
X | X | X | Depression Higher stress levels Cancer Parkinson’s disease Diabetes |
|||
SOD2 T/C | Scavanger of ROS in mitochondria | Scavenger | Mitochondrial Superoxide Dismutase 2 (SOD2) is responsible removing for free radicals (superoxide reactive oxygen species or ROS) produced as a byproduct of cellular respiration. With the aid or the cofactor manganese, the SOD2 protein catalyzes the removal of superoxide by-products of oxidative phosphorylation within the matrix of the inner mitochondrial membrane. |
Associated with 30 to 40 percent reduction in catalytic activity, with increased susceptibility to oxidative stress within the mitochondria | Associated with reduced clearance of ROS and increased risk of cardiomyopathy related to iron overload. | manganese (rate limiting)
Spectrophotometry (measures the rate at which SOD catalyzes the conversion of a substrate (such as xanthine and xanthine oxidase) into a product (such as uric acid). |
Oxidative stress has been shown to impair immune function. Without the right support (see diet and supplementation), the reduced activity of SOD2 in individuals with the T/C variant may lead to increased oxidative stress and impaired immune function. | X | Antioxidant-rich foods: Consuming foods high in antioxidants, such as fruits and vegetables, can help protect against oxidative stress and improve overall health.
Omega-3 fatty acids: Omega-3 fatty acids, found in fatty fish and some plant-based sources, have anti-inflammatory effects and have been shown to support immune function. Probiotics and prebiotics: Consuming probiotics and prebiotics, such as fermented foods and fiber-rich fruits and vegetables, can help support gut health and improve overall immune function. Vitamin D: Adequate vitamin D intake, through exposure to sunlight (10 minutes at high noon without sunblock), a balanced diet that includes vitamin D-rich foods such as fatty fish, eggs, and mushrooms, and through supplementation, can support overall health and immune function. Exercise: Regular exercise has been shown to improve immune function and reduce oxidative stress. Adequate sleep: Getting enough sleep is important for overall health and can help support immune function. |
X | X | X | Depression Higher stress levels Cancer Parkinson’s disease Diabetes |
|||
SOD2 C/C | Scavanger of ROS in mitochondria | Scavenger | Mitochondrial Superoxide Dismutase 2 (SOD2) is responsible removing for free radicals (superoxide reactive oxygen species or ROS) produced as a byproduct of cellular respiration. With the aid or the cofactor manganese, the SOD2 protein catalyzes the removal of superoxide by-products of oxidative phosphorylation within the matrix of the inner mitochondrial membrane. |
Associated with optimal catalytic activity and optimal clearance of free radicals within the mitochondria | X | X | X | X | Depression Higher stress levels Cancer Parkinson’s disease Diabetes |
|||||||
SRD5A2 G/G | DHT | SRD5A2 known as 5α-reductase, converts testosterone into dihydrotestosterone (DHT) | Associated with increased enzyme activity and increased conversion of testosterone to DHT, with potential risk associated with high DHT levels | G variations are associated with a 30% increase in enzyme activity which results in an increased turnover rate of testosterone to DHT. The G variant is also most common in African American populations while Asians have the lowest frequency. This association has been related to relative risks of prostate cancer. A 1000-fold increase in SRD5A2 activity is seen in the ovarian follicle of women with PCOS. SRD5A2 metabolites act as inhibitors of aromatase (CYP19A1) activity and facilitate the pathogenesis of PCOS | Comprehensive Hormones including Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) PSA |
X | ||||||||||
SRD5A2 G/C | DHT | SRD5A2 known as 5α-reductase, converts testosterone into dihydrotestosterone (DHT) | Associated with moderate enzyme activity and moderate conversion of testosterone to DHT, with potential risk associated with high DHT levels | G variations are associated with a 30% increase in enzyme activity which results in an increased turnover rate of testosterone to DHT. The G variant is also most common in African American populations while Asians have the lowest frequency. This association has been related to relative risks of prostate cancer. A 1000-fold increase in SRD5A2 activity is seen in the ovarian follicle of women with PCOS. SRD5A2 metabolites act as inhibitors of aromatase (CYP19A1) activity and facilitate the pathogenesis of PCOS | Comprehensive Hormones including Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) PSA |
X | ||||||||||
SRD5A2 C/C | DHT | SRD5A2 known as 5α-reductase, converts testosterone into dihydrotestosterone (DHT) | Associated with reduced enzyme activity and reduced conversion of testosterone to DHT, minimizing risk associated with high DHT levels | The C genotype variation is associated with reduced enzyme activity and decreased levels of circulating DHT and a 30% reduction in testosterone production (underscoring the complexity of feedback loop regulation in hormone metabolism) The C variant is also associated with a decreased frequency of PCOS |
X | |||||||||||
TCF7L2 T/T | Insulin / glucose regulation | The Doorman | Transcription Factor 7 Like 2 (TF7L2) gene encodes a transcription factor implicated in blood glucose homeostasis. Genetic variants of this gene are associated with increased risk of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. | Associated with suboptimal insulin response and increased risk of Type II diabetes | The T allele carriers are associated with impaired insulin secretion, glucose production, and glucose tolerance via direct effects on pancreatic islet beta cells. The following ethnic backgrounds are at higher risk: African American or Black |
Triglycerides Fasting Glucose Glucose Tolerance HbA1c Fructosamine Insulin IGF-1 C-Peptide |
Fiber-rich foods: Consuming foods high in fiber, such as fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, can help regulate blood sugar levels and improve insulin sensitivity.
Low glycemic index foods: Choosing foods with a low glycemic index, such as non-starchy vegetables and whole grains, can help regulate blood sugar levels and improve insulin sensitivity. Healthy fats: Including healthy fats, such as those found in fatty fish, nuts, and olive oil, in the diet can help improve insulin sensitivity and support overall health. Protein: Consuming adequate protein, particularly with meals, can help regulate blood sugar levels and improve insulin sensitivity. Avoid highly processed and high-sugar foods: These foods are often high in calories and can contribute to weight gain and insulin resistance. |
X | Blood sugar Blood pressure Fat metabolism Body weight |
|||||||
TCF7L2 G/T | Insulin / glucose regulation | The Doorman | Transcription Factor 7 Like 2 (TF7L2) gene encodes a transcription factor implicated in blood glucose homeostasis. Genetic variants of this gene are associated with increased risk of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. | Associated with suboptimal insulin response and increased risk of Type II diabetes | The T allele carriers are associated with impaired insulin secretion, glucose production, and glucose tolerance via direct effects on pancreatic islet beta cells. The following ethnic backgrounds are at higher risk: African American or Black |
Triglycerides Fasting Glucose Glucose Tolerance HbA1c Fructosamine Insulin IGF-1 C-Peptide |
Fiber-rich foods: Consuming foods high in fiber, such as fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, can help regulate blood sugar levels and improve insulin sensitivity.
Low glycemic index foods: Choosing foods with a low glycemic index, such as non-starchy vegetables and whole grains, can help regulate blood sugar levels and improve insulin sensitivity. Healthy fats: Including healthy fats, such as those found in fatty fish, nuts, and olive oil, in the diet can help improve insulin sensitivity and support overall health. Protein: Consuming adequate protein, particularly with meals, can help regulate blood sugar levels and improve insulin sensitivity. Avoid highly processed and high-sugar foods: These foods are often high in calories and can contribute to weight gain and insulin resistance. |
X | Blood sugar Blood pressure Fat metabolism Body weight |
|||||||
TCF7L2 G/G | Insulin / glucose regulation | The Doorman | Transcription Factor 7 Like 2 (TF7L2) gene encodes a transcription factor implicated in blood glucose homeostasis. Genetic variants of this gene are associated with increased risk of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. | Associated with optimal insulin response and reduced risk of Type II diabetes | G/G genotypes are at reduced risk of Type II diabetes and generally respond more favourably to dietary intervention in terms of weight loss compared to T allele carriers |
X | Blood sugar Blood pressure Fat metabolism Body weight |
|||||||||
TPH T/T | Synthesizes Serotonin | The TPH (tryptophan hydroxylase) gene provides instructions for making the tryptophan hydroxylase enzyme. This enzyme is involved in the biosynthesis of serotonin, which is a neurotransmitter that regulates mood, appetite, and sleep. Specifically, tryptophan hydroxylase converts the amino acid tryptophan into serotonin in the brain and other parts of the body. | Associated with a predisposition towards increased feelings of irritation or frustration | Neurotransmitters | X | |||||||||||
TPH G/T | Synthesizes Serotonin | The TPH (tryptophan hydroxylase) gene provides instructions for making the tryptophan hydroxylase enzyme. This enzyme is involved in the biosynthesis of serotonin, which is a neurotransmitter that regulates mood, appetite, and sleep. Specifically, tryptophan hydroxylase converts the amino acid tryptophan into serotonin in the brain and other parts of the body. | Associated with a predisposition towards increased feelings of irritation or frustration | Neurotransmitters | X | |||||||||||
TPH G/G | Synthesizes Serotonin | The TPH (tryptophan hydroxylase) gene provides instructions for making the tryptophan hydroxylase enzyme. This enzyme is involved in the biosynthesis of serotonin, which is a neurotransmitter that regulates mood, appetite, and sleep. Specifically, tryptophan hydroxylase converts the amino acid tryptophan into serotonin in the brain and other parts of the body. | Due to a unique epistatic phenomenon, in the special case that you carry the GG version of both TPH2 and BDNF, you may be at an increased risk of displaying symptoms associated with poor function in both these genes, which may include a predisposition towards increased feelings of irritation or frustration regardless of the individual normal genotype of each gene. | X | ||||||||||||
UCP1 G/G | Thermal heat regulation | The Thermostat | The Uncoupling Protein 1 (UCP1) gene encodes a member of the mitochondrial uncoupling proteins, which are transporter proteins that create proton leaks across the inner mitochondrial membrane, resulting in energy dissipation in the form of heat. This gene is expressed in fat tissue and is associated with regulation of body temperature and resting metabolic rate (RMR). |
Associated with normal thermoregulatory control and resting metabolic rate with reduced resistance to weight loss | G allele carriers are associated with reduced RMR and an increased risk of weight gain, increased abdominal fat and potentially increased risk of Type II diabetes.
This variant is also associated with increased resistance to weight loss (likely as a function of reduced RMR) and require a combination of caloric restriction and increased caloric expenditure to facilitate weight loss |
Complete comprehensive Thyroid panel |
Resting metabolic rate (RMR) measurement is the amount of energy expended by the body while at rest. It can be measured using indirect calorimetry or by estimating the RMR based on body size, weight, and age using predictive equations.
Physical activity monitors such as wearable fitness trackers, can estimate energy expenditure based on physical activity levels. |
Metabolism | ||||||||
UCP1 A/G | Thermal heat regulation | The Thermostat | The Uncoupling Protein 1 (UCP1) gene encodes a member of the mitochondrial uncoupling proteins, which are transporter proteins that create proton leaks across the inner mitochondrial membrane, resulting in energy dissipation in the form of heat. This gene is expressed in fat tissue and is associated with regulation of body temperature and resting metabolic rate (RMR). |
Associated with suboptimal thermoregulatory control and resting metabolic rate with increased resistance to weight loss | G allele carriers are associated with reduced RMR and an increased risk of weight gain, increased abdominal fat and potentially increased risk of Type II diabetes.
This variant is also associated with increased resistance to weight loss (likely as a function of reduced RMR) and require a combination of caloric restriction and increased caloric expenditure to facilitate weight loss |
Complete comprehensive Thyroid panel |
Resting metabolic rate (RMR) measurement is the amount of energy expended by the body while at rest. It can be measured using indirect calorimetry or by estimating the RMR based on body size, weight, and age using predictive equations.
Physical activity monitors such as wearable fitness trackers, can estimate energy expenditure based on physical activity levels. |
Metabolism | ||||||||
UCP1 A/A | Thermal heat regulation | The Thermostat | The Uncoupling Protein 1 (UCP1) gene encodes a member of the mitochondrial uncoupling proteins, which are transporter proteins that create proton leaks across the inner mitochondrial membrane, resulting in energy dissipation in the form of heat. This gene is expressed in fat tissue and is associated with regulation of body temperature and resting metabolic rate (RMR). |
Associated with suboptimal thermoregulatory control and resting metabolic rate with increased resistance to weight loss | Metabolism | |||||||||||
UGT2B15 G/G | Testosterone clearance | UGT2B15 is responsible for the catabolism of androgens, androgen metabolites and catechol estrogens | Associated with reduced glucuronidation of androgens and androgen metabolites, including DHT | The G genotype is associated with a decrease in DHT glucuronidation, higher intraprostatic DHT concentration and increased subsequent risk for prostate cancer. It is also associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer, which increased further with the use of aspirin compared to non-users carrying the T allele | X | Prostate health Male pattern Baldness Muscle gains |
||||||||||
UGT2B15 G/T | Testosterone clearance | UGT2B15 is responsible for the catabolism of androgens, androgen metabolites and catechol estrogens | Associated with moderate glucuronidation of androgens and androgen metabolites, including DHT | The G genotype is associated with a decrease in DHT glucuronidation, higher intraprostatic DHT concentration and increased subsequent risk for prostate cancer. It is also associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer, which increased further with the use of aspirin compared to non-users carrying the T allele | X | Prostate health Male pattern Baldness Muscle gains |
||||||||||
UGT2B15 T/T | Testosterone clearance | UGT2B15 is responsible for the catabolism of androgens, androgen metabolites and catechol estrogens | Associated increased glucuronidation of androgens and androgen metabolites, including DHT | The T allele is associated with increased enzyme activity and metabolism of androgenic steroids (androstane-3α,17b-diol and DHT), resulting in a 33% reduction in DHT levels. It is also associated with a 40-50% decrease in oxazepam and lorazepam clearance compared to the G/G genotype. The difference in clearance rate between substrates shows that the effect of the polymorphism on this enzyme is substrate dependent The T allele is associated with a significant reduction in bisphenol-A (BPA) glucuronidation, an endocrine- disrupting plasticizer commonly found in dentistry, food packaging and lacquers. This is shown to potentially increase susceptibility for BPA toxicity. it is also associated with decreased enzyme activity and slower glucuronidation and secretion of active tamoxifen metabolites, correlating to an increase in survival in patients with breast cancer |
X | Prostate health Male pattern Baldness Muscle gains |
||||||||||
UGT2B17 2 COPIES | Testosterone clearance | UDP-glucuronosyltranferase 2B17 (UGT2B17) is an important phase II enzyme in the deactivation of sex steroids. This enzyme catalyzes the transfer of glucuronic acid to androgens, including testosterone, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), 17β-diol, and androsterone | Associated with increased enzyme activity and decreased concentrations of circulating testosterone and estradiol levels, associated with low BMD and increased risk for osteoporosis | The presence of the UGT2B17 gene (either 1 or 2 copies) is associated with an increase in androgen urinary metabolite excretion and testosterone to epitestosterone (T/E) ratio compared to UGT2B17 null genotypes. Amplification of UGT2B17 (having 2 copies) is associated with a lower bone-mineral density (BMD) and increased risk for osteoporosis and osteoporotic hip fracture. As a result of rapid inactivation of the androgen-signalling pathway, bone resorption is favoured over bone formation, impairing proper bone formation
note: UGT2B17 and UGT2B15 share more than 95% sequence homology yet catalyze distinct reactions. The UGT2B17 enzyme is not limited in its role in androgen inactivation – it metabolizes exogenous xenobiotic compounds such as ibuprofen, coumarins, anthraquinones and flavonoids. As part of the 2B family of UGT enzymes, its classic role in detoxification is supported by its expression in the gastrointestinal tract, liver, and kidneys. |
X | X | Prostate health Male pattern Baldness Muscle gains |
|||||||||
UGT2B17 1 COPY | Testosterone clearance | UDP-glucuronosyltranferase 2B17 (UGT2B17) is an important phase II enzyme in the deactivation of sex steroids. This enzyme catalyzes the transfer of glucuronic acid to androgens, including testosterone, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), 17β-diol, and androsterone | Associated with moderate enzyme activity and moderate concentrations of circulating testosterone and estradiol levels | The presence of the UGT2B17 gene (either 1 or 2 copies) is associated with an increase in androgen urinary metabolite excretion and testosterone to epitestosterone (T/E) ratio compared to UGT2B17 null genotypes. Amplification of UGT2B17 (having 2 copies) is associated with a lower bone-mineral density (BMD) and increased risk for osteoporosis and osteoporotic hip fracture. As a result of rapid inactivation of the androgen-signalling pathway, bone resorption is favoured over bone formation, impairing proper bone formation
note: UGT2B17 and UGT2B15 share more than 95% sequence homology yet catalyze distinct reactions. The UGT2B17 enzyme is not limited in its role in androgen inactivation – it metabolizes exogenous xenobiotic compounds such as ibuprofen, coumarins, anthraquinones and flavonoids. As part of the 2B family of UGT enzymes, its classic role in detoxification is supported by its expression in the gastrointestinal tract, liver, and kidneys. |
X | X | Prostate health Male pattern Baldness Muscle gains |
|||||||||
UGT2B17 0 COPIES | Testosterone clearance | UDP-glucuronosyltranferase 2B17 (UGT2B17) is an important phase II enzyme in the deactivation of sex steroids. This enzyme catalyzes the transfer of glucuronic acid to androgens, including testosterone, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), 17β-diol, and androsterone | Associated with absent enzyme activity and increased concentrations of circulating testosterone and estradiol levels | Null genotypes (homozygous deletion) are associated with a significant reduction in the rate of testosterone glucuronide excretion compared to those carrying 1 and 2 copies of the UGT2B17 gene. This relates to a decreased rate of steroid deactivation and elimination. A null variant is associated with significantly higher plasma concentrations of testosterone and estradiol and are found in 27% of Caucasians, while 43% have two copies. Null genotypes are associated with a decrease in colorectal cancer (CRC) risk in Caucasian men and may have higher circulating levels of protective dietary flavonoid components.
note: UGT2B17 and UGT2B15 share more than 95% sequence homology yet catalyze distinct reactions. The UGT2B17 enzyme is not limited in its role in androgen inactivation – it metabolizes exogenous xenobiotic compounds such as ibuprofen, coumarins, anthraquinones and flavonoids. As part of the 2B family of UGT enzymes, its classic role in detoxification is supported by its expression in the gastrointestinal tract, liver, and kidneys. |
X | X | Prostate health Male pattern Baldness Muscle gains |
|||||||||
VDR T/T | Vit D into cell | The VDR (vitamin D receptor) gene provides instructions for making a protein called the vitamin D receptor. This receptor is involved in the regulation of genes that control the levels of calcium and phosphorus in the body, and is also involved in the immune system and cell growth. | Associated with optimal vitamin D receptor activation and binding | 25OHD | X | X | X | X | osteoporosis cancer autoimmune diseases cardiovascular disease |
|||||||
VDR C/T | Vit D into cell | The VDR (vitamin D receptor) gene provides instructions for making a protein called the vitamin D receptor. This receptor is involved in the regulation of genes that control the levels of calcium and phosphorus in the body, and is also involved in the immune system and cell growth. | Associated with suboptimal vitamin D receptor activation and binding | 25OHD | X | X | X | X | osteoporosis cancer autoimmune diseases cardiovascular disease |
|||||||
VDR C/C | Vit D into cell | The VDR (vitamin D receptor) gene provides instructions for making a protein called the vitamin D receptor. This receptor is involved in the regulation of genes that control the levels of calcium and phosphorus in the body, and is also involved in the immune system and cell growth. | Associated with suboptimal vitamin D receptor activation and binding | X | X | X | X | osteoporosis cancer autoimmune diseases cardiovascular disease |
||||||||